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한국기업 사외이사 네트워크에서의 끊어진 연결 복구: 기업 엘리트집단, 자원의존, 조직학습 관점을 중심으로

Broken-tie-reconstitution of the Korean Independent Director Network: Corporate Elite Network, Resource Dependence and Inter-organizational Learning

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주제분류경영학

초록

한국기업에서 사외이사의 역할은 무엇인가? 국내의 관련연구는 대부분 대리인이론에 기반하여 사외이사의 효과성을 검증하는데 집중하였으며 사외이사제도가 어떻게 한국의 독특한 제도적 환경에서 도입되어 발전하였는지에 대한 종단적 연구는 상대적으로 부족하였다. 본 논문에서는 한국기업 사외이사제도의 도입 후 발전과정을 조직이론의 세 가지 관점, 즉 기업엘리트 집단 유지, 자원의존 관리, 조직학습 관점에서 고찰한다. 그 방법론으로 한국기업 이사회에서 퇴임이사의 사회적 배경, 외부조직, 혹은 연결 기업을 신임이사의 선임을 통해 복구하는 “끊어진 연결 복구(broken-tie-reconstitution)” 가능성을 검토하였다. 이는 기업이 사외이사제를 유지하는 실질적인 목적이 사외이사 개인의 역량확보가 아니라 해당 사외이사가 대표하는 사회적 배경, 외부조직, 혹은 연결하는 기업이 제공하는 외부자원의 획득과 조달이라는 가정에 기반한다. 2002년부터 2011년까지 한국 상장기업 1,382개사 이사회를 대상으로 한 실증연구는 한국기업의 사외이사제도가 주로 학연과 지연을 기반으로 하는 기업엘리트 네트워크와 관료출신 사외이사를 통한 자원관리 네트워크의 복구 및 유지를 통해 진화해왔다는 것을 보여준다. 기업 간 네트워크의 복구 현상 역시 관찰되었으나 연결된 기업의 재무성과와의 관계는 찾을 수 없었다. 기업 간 네트워크 복구는 기업집단 내의 집행이사의 겸임을 통해 주로 이루어졌으며, 사외이사를 통해 기업 간 네트워크를 복구하는 경우는 소수에 불과하였다.

Abstract

Organizational theorists considered corporate boards as a means to maintain corporate elite network, manage a firm’s resource dependence on external environment and facilitate inter-organizational learning based on the board interlock. I consider these three major theoretical mechanisms underlying the evolution of Korean independent directorship since its adoption in 2002. The possibility of broken-tie-reconstitution has been examined in the three potential network areas, when the corporate elite network, resource dependence network, and board-interlock have been disrupted by the turnover of an independent director. The empirical analysis utilizing corporate board information of 1,382 Korean public companies between 2002 and 2011 reveals that interruption in terms of an independent director’s corporate elite and resource dependence networks tends to be restored soon by inviting a new independent director with similar elite or career background. On the contrary, tie reconstitution of a board interlock by an independent director is rarely observed since board interlock in Korea has been limited within a business-group via the exchange of executive directors. The result suggests that independent directorship in Korea has evolved mostly as a means of corporate elite community retention and resource dependence management, rather than a source of inter-organizational information transfer and learning.

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