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오스트리아 자유주의 경제사상과 경영전략

Austrian School of Economics and Strategic Management

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한국전략경영학회 (Korean Strategic Management Society)|2010.04|전략경영연구 (Journal of Strategic Management)|제13권 제1호|pp. 73-107|DOI 10.17786/jsm.2010.13.1.004

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참고문헌

키워드

자유주의자원기반이론Resource-based View전략기획포터Porter오스트리아 경제학Austrian EconomicsStrategy Formulation
주제분류경영학

초록

본 논문은 경영학에 매우 유용한 시각을 제공하지만 그간 경영학자들의 주목 받지 못했던 오스트리아 자유주의 경제사상의 주요 논점들을 제시한 후, 이를 바탕으로 경영전략의 주요 이론들을 비판적으로 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 미제스-하이에크로 이어지는 오스트리아 경제학의 독특한 관점은 그 유명한 ‘사회주의 계산논쟁’을 통해 세상에 널리 알려지게 되었다. 주류경제학과는 달리 불균형 속에서의 시장과정과 방법론적 주관주의, 그리고 기업가정신(Entrepreneurship)을 강조하는 오스트리아 학파는 자원기반이론의 발판을 마련한 펜로우즈(Penrose)의 저서, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm에도 영향을 주었으며, 시카고 자유주의 경제학과 함께 90년대 자원기반이론의 형성에 일조한 바 있다. 본 논문에서는 사회주의 계산논쟁에 대해 자세히 검토를 한 후, 이 논쟁에서 드러난 하이에크의 지식이론과 시장과정이론을 전략계획이론(Strategic Planning)과 포터의 이론, 그리고 자원기반이론에 비판적으로 적용해 보았다. 우선 사회주의식 중앙계획과 자생적 시장질서간 선택의 논쟁을 최근 기업 전략계획수립의 논쟁과 비교, 분석한 결과, Planning학파 보다는 Learning학파가 하이에크의 지식이론과 부합한다고 보았다. 나아가 하이에크의 지식론을 조직에서 지식과 의사결정권이 공존해야 한다는 것으로 보다 폭넓게 해석하여 사회경제 전체뿐만 아니라 조직 내에서도 좋은 지식의 지배를 받는 것이 조직인의 자유를 신장시키는 길임을 제시하였다. 또한 포터이론에 대해 비판적 검토를 한 결과, 과거 자원기반이론 학자들의 지적과 마찬가지로, 포터의 진입장벽과 이동장벽의 개념이 잘못되었음을 지적하였고 그의 이론이 경영학의 교육적 측면에서도 문제가 있을 수 있음을 지적하였다. 그리고 이 비판과정에서 오스트리아 학파의 시장경쟁과정이 자원기반이론의 ‘자원장벽’이란 개념형성에 보완적인 역할을 할 수 있음을 보였다. 마지막으로 최근 관심을 받고 있는 복잡계 이론, 진화경제학과 오스트리아 학파와의 유사성에 대해 간략히 논의하고 오스트리아 관점이 추후 공헌할 수 있는 다른 경영학 분야들로 기업이론, 지식경영, 기업가 정신, 그리고 마케팅 전략을 제시하였다.

Abstract

Although Austrian libertarian economic thought did not receive much attention in management literature, it had significant influences on the development of modern strategic management thought. For example, Penrose's seminal book, "The theory of the growth of the firm" was written under the principle of subjectivist methodology of Austrian economics. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to shed light on major tenets of Austrian economics and explore additional implications to current strategic management theories. Based on review of the development of Austrian thought, it is suggested in this paper that the unique characteristics of Austrian economics was revealed in the midst of 'Socialist Calculation Debate' which started in 1920s. More specifically, this paper suggest that Hayek's theory of knowledge and market process view are two of central themes in Austrian economic thought that may have significant implications to strategic management thought. Based on such observation, this paper attempted to apply the two concepts drawn to the three main areas of strategic management: 1) "Planning vs. Learning" debate in strategy formulation process, 2) Porter's theory, and 3) resource-based view. Finally, the paper discusses some of the similarities and differences among Austrian economics, evolutionary economics, and the newly emerging complexity theory. It is also suggested that Austrian economics has great potential to be applied in some research areas and academic disciplines such as the theory of the firm, entrepreneurship, and marketing.

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