Explaining Gender Roles and Agroforestry Development in Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: An Illustrative example of Njombe district
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Land productivity in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Tanzania has been declining tremendously. The decline has been cited to be associated with increased land conflicting uses, which consequently lead to increased deforestation, shorten fallows and soil infertility. Low yield in wood and foliar biomass, crop and livestock production are some of the source of the problem. Agroforestry has been proposed as a solution to the declining land productivity. However, most of the information majoring in the potentiality of agroforestry is biophysical sciences. Very little so far has been done on socio-cultural-economic analysis and agroforestry. Cut across, gender aspects have great influence to farming activities. Gender analysis, recently has received great attention to many land users including smallholder farming households in the world, but in Tanzania, very little has been done on it, which is likely resulting into improper prediction of sustainable agroforestry in agriculture. Gender aspects bring great impacts to agricultural productivity. The study analysed the role of gender among the smallholder farming households in agroforestry in Tanzania. The study was conducted at Imalinyi in Njombe district in Iringa region. Ninety households were randomly selected. Of which 67 households were male headed (MHH) and 23 female headed (FHH). Data collection was done through focus group discussions, administration of questionnaire and inventories of tree species and agroforestry technologies. Data analyses were done according to types of the data collected. Descriptive and inferential statistic, and content and structural-function analyses were used in the study. In this study, gender was observed to have a significant influence on development of agroforestry practices. In many households, males had control over resources in terms of ownership. Females had been given rights to access the resources and make use of them. In tree planting, harvesting and marketing operations, both males and females participated, but their participation differed according to the type of operation. Males’ dominance was also applied to distribution of the benefits among the members in the households. In this study, it was observed further, that men had been interested in in-cash products such as wood materials in terms of poles and timber from agroforestry, while females’ interests were in food and fuelwood products. The study recommends that mainstreaming of gender in agroforestry at household level will lead to improved farming systems.
Abstract
Land productivity in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Tanzania has been declining tremendously. The decline has been cited to be associated with increased land conflicting uses, which consequently lead to increased deforestation, shorten fallows and soil infertility. Low yield in wood and foliar biomass, crop and livestock production are some of the source of the problem. Agroforestry has been proposed as a solution to the declining land productivity. However, most of the information majoring in the potentiality of agroforestry is biophysical sciences. Very little so far has been done on socio-cultural-economic analysis and agroforestry. Cut across, gender aspects have great influence to farming activities. Gender analysis, recently has received great attention to many land users including smallholder farming households in the world, but in Tanzania, very little has been done on it, which is likely resulting into improper prediction of sustainable agroforestry in agriculture. Gender aspects bring great impacts to agricultural productivity. The study analysed the role of gender among the smallholder farming households in agroforestry in Tanzania. The study was conducted at Imalinyi in Njombe district in Iringa region. Ninety households were randomly selected. Of which 67 households were male headed (MHH) and 23 female headed (FHH). Data collection was done through focus group discussions, administration of questionnaire and inventories of tree species and agroforestry technologies. Data analyses were done according to types of the data collected. Descriptive and inferential statistic, and content and structural-function analyses were used in the study. In this study, gender was observed to have a significant influence on development of agroforestry practices. In many households, males had control over resources in terms of ownership. Females had been given rights to access the resources and make use of them. In tree planting, harvesting and marketing operations, both males and females participated, but their participation differed according to the type of operation. Males’ dominance was also applied to distribution of the benefits among the members in the households. In this study, it was observed further, that men had been interested in in-cash products such as wood materials in terms of poles and timber from agroforestry, while females’ interests were in food and fuelwood products. The study recommends that mainstreaming of gender in agroforestry at household level will lead to improved farming systems.
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