말라위의 유전자변형 작물 (Genetically Modified Crops) 상업화 타당성에 대한 고찰
Analyzing the Commercialization of Genetically Modified Crops and its Feasibility in Malawi
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최근 말라위는 유전자변형 작물 (GM 작물) 상업화를 위해 다양한 현장 실험을 진행 중이다. 말라위가 상업화를 위해 지정한 작물은 동부콩, 목화, 바나나이다. 이 작물들은 말라위 내에서 식량자원 및 환금작물로써 각각 중요한 역할을 하고 있으나 최근 5년간 해충과 바이러스 등의 영향으로 생산성이 하락하고 있다. 농업 부문은 말라위의 식량안보 및 수출수익에 있어 가장 중요한 역할을 하고 있기에 동부콩, 목화, 바나나를 포함한 주요 작물들의 생산성 하락은 경제적으로 타격을 줄 수밖에 없다. 이런 상황에서 GM 작물 상업화를 통한 생산성은 향상은 식량안보 뿐 아니라 환경안보 향상에 기여할 수 있기에 합당해 보인다. GM 작물 상업화를 성공적으로 이끌기 위해서는 정부의 역할이 중요하며, 특히 정책적인 측면에서 GM 작물 상업화가 경제, 농업 부문 발전에 어떻게 기여할 것이며 사용될 것인지 명확하게 나타나야 한다. 안타깝게도, 말라위의 농가 보조금 지급 프로그램 (FISP), 말라위 성장과 개발 계획 (MGDS), 국가 농업 정책 (NAP)을 분석해 본 결과, GM 작물에 대한 다양한 현장실험이 진행 중임에도 불구하고 지정작물의 중요성이나 역할이 명료하게 명시되어 있지 않다. 뿐만 아니라 지정 작물을 GM 작물로써 상업화하게 된 사유를 밝혀주는 공식적인 문서 또한 찾아 볼 수 없다. 이는 상업화의 경제적 타당성과 정책 사이에 큰 격차가 있다는 것을 시사하고, 상업화의 성공률을 감소시킬 수 있다. 이런 상황에서 말라위의 BT 목화 상업화는 내년부터 시행될 전망이다. 아직까지 상업화가 시작되지 않은 시점에서 현실적으로 가장 시급한 부분은 GM 작물의 역할을 관련 정책에 반영함으로써 상업화의 타당성 및 정부의 역할을 명료하게 하는 것이다. 또한 BT 목화 상업화 시작점과 다른 작물 (예: BT 동부콩) 상업화 시작점 사이에 적당한 기간을 두면서 BT 목화 상업화 과정에서 나타난 장 ‧ 단점을 파악할 시간을 확보함으로써, 현장 실험이 아닌 상업화에서 발생할 수 있는 다양한 경제적 문제를 파악하고 이에 대한 해결책을 모색해야 한다. 이런 절차가 이루어졌을 시 농민들이 GM 작물과 상업화의 필요성을 인식할 수 있고, 나아가 정부와 지역사회 사이의 책무성을 강화함으로써 향후 말라위의 장기적 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Malawi has been promoting the commercialization of Genetically Modified Crops (GM crops), such as BT cotton, BT cowpea and VR banana, all of which are considered important food and cash crops. In recent years, the production of these crops have decreased due to various reasons such as drought, flood and climate change. By looking at the importance of these crops and their recent productivity, the commercialization of GM crops can be justified as it can improve Malawi’s food security. Further, as Malawi has strong biosafety laws and regulation GM crops could potentially be used with minimum negative risks. However, the significance and important usages of these specific GM crops, and biotechnology in general, are often not specified and explained in the country’s key national policies and strategies such as the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) and National Agriculture Policy (NAP). In other words, despite the rapid commercialization of GM crops, it is unclear whether the government fully understand the role of such crops. This is a serious matter as the commercialization of GM crops will have a direct impact on the productivity of the agricultural sector which is the central pillar of Malawi’s food security and economic growth. Therefore, it is recommended that clear role of GM crops to be defined in national policies. This process is more likely to help farmers to understand the needs of the commercialization of GM crops which will bring about GM crop’s full potential benefit to Malawi’s agricultural sector and overall economic development.
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