아프리카 여성 할례와 인권문제
Female Genital Mutilation and Human Right of Women in Africa
0
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
초록
Abstract
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the set of procedures used to remove or cause injury to part or all of the external female genitals. Women and girls of all ages are at risk for being genitally mutilated in Africa. However, the procedure most often is practiced on girls aged four to eight. The World Health Organization estimates that over 130 million girls and women have been genitally mutilated, and about 2 million more are at risk each year. Most of the girls who have been circumcised are from one of 28 practicing countries in Africa; however, FGM is also practiced in Asia, the Middle East, and in immigrant populations in industrialized countries such as Australia and the United States. In the African countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Sudan, nearly 90% of women are estimated to have been genitally mutilated. Why is Female Genital Mutilation practiced? There are follows that : “It's tradition”, “Allah says so”, “Uncircumcised women are unclean” and “It makes her a woman”. What should be done about Female Genital Mutilation? There is little consensus about the continued practice of FGM in some countries. Many international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and Amnesty International, call for the eradication of FGM as a human rights abuse.
참고문헌 (27)
- "아프리카 이해" (2004), 다해출판사
- "여성할례와 조혼은 여성들의 인권 침해", 9(7) (2005)
- "Who is afraid of agency? Theorizing African women out of the victim syndrome" (2000)
- "Female circumcision in Africa and the problem of cross-cultural perspectives" (1996)
- "Female Circumcision in Egypt Current Research and Prospects for Change Studies in Family Planning" (1980)
- "Psychological Aspects of Female Circumcision Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children Report of a seminar", pp.10~
- "Summary of The Impact of Research on FGM", 27(Issue 1) (2001)
- "Brief Reflections on Clitorodectomy" (1996)
- "The College Health Opportunity", 49(issue 6) (2001)
- "Facing Mount Kenya.New York"
- "The Tribal Life of the Kikuyu" (1938)
- "MPs recommend tightening the law on female circumcision", 321(Issue 7273) (2000)
- "Socially Sanctioned Violence against Women: FGM is Its Most Brutal Form" (2000)
- "The Sexual Experience and Marital Adjustment of Genitally Circumcised and Infibulated Females in the Sudan The Journal of Sex Research" (1989)
- "Prisoners of Ritual An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa" (1989), Haworth Press
- "Female circumcision in Africa. Africa Update" (1996)
- "Female genital mutilation in eastern Ethiopia", 356(Issue 9224) (2000)
- "Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision) In Africa" (1998)
- "Think first think twice think thrice: Which method of male genital surgery do you prefer?" (1999)
- "Female Genital Mutilation: An Introduction" (1995)
- "What About 'Female Genital Mutilation'? And Why Understanding Culture Matters in the First Place" (2000)
- "Egypt's battle against female circumcision" (2001)
- "Female genital mutilation" (2000)
- "Estimated Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa" (1996)
- "Female Genital Mutilation: Actions for its elimination" (1996)
- "Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences" (1996)
- "Fact Sheet on FGM Fact Sheet N 153" (1997)