차딕 어군의 언어들에 나타나는 성 체계(gender system)의 유형적 특성 및 기능적 분포에 관한 연구
Typological characteristics and functional distribution of gender systems in Chadic
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The purpose of this study is to investigate formal and functional characteristics of gender systems of contemporary Chadic languages from a diachronic point of view. To do this the gender system of Hausa, the most well-known Chadic language, has first been thoroughly studied, and on that basis 7 gender-related comparative parameters have been established for revealing the real nature of gender system in Chadic. The number of Chadic languages investigated in this study was 32 languages from all four Chadic branches (West, Central, East, and Masa branch). The following are a summary of the result of the study according to the gender-related comparative parameters. (1) Which languages have a gender system? - Most languages from West, East, and Masa branch, and some from Central branch have a gender system, whereas most of Central languages do not. (2) Which types of gender occur? - All the Chadic languages that have a gender system distinguish only two genders, feminine and masculine. There is no Chadic language that has a neuter gender (like in German) or a noun class system (like in Bantu). (3) Is there gender distinction in plural? - There is no Chadic language that shows gender distinction in plural. However, in some languages (e.g. Hausa, Buduma, etc.) the masculine gender goes with the plural in agreement in certain syntactic constructions like genitival, demonstrative, etc. (4) Which person distinguishes gender? - All the Chadic languages with a gender system distinguish gender in 2nd and 3rd person. (5) Way of gender agreement -The ways and environments of gender agreement differ from language to language. The most frequent gender agreement occurs in personal pronouns, genitival/possessive construction, and demonstratives. In some languages (e.g. Hausa) there occurs gender agreement also in copula and relative constructions. (6) Are Gender markers of Proto-Chadic reconstructable? - From this study two striking gender-related formatives emerge: {*T} for feminine and {*N} for masculine. They are the most frequently used formatives across the branches. This study reconfirms also the reconstruction of Proto-Chadic gender markers by Schuh(1983). (7) Is a gender recognizable in the word form? - Ca. the half of the languages shows an gender indicator in word itself, the most used being a final vowel {-a} for feminine nouns. Whether or not it has historical relevance, one needs further investigation.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate formal and functional characteristics of gender systems of contemporary Chadic languages from a diachronic point of view. To do this the gender system of Hausa, the most well-known Chadic language, has first been thoroughly studied, and on that basis 7 gender-related comparative parameters have been established for revealing the real nature of gender system in Chadic. The number of Chadic languages investigated in this study was 32 languages from all four Chadic branches (West, Central, East, and Masa branch). The following are a summary of the result of the study according to the gender-related comparative parameters. (1) Which languages have a gender system? - Most languages from West, East, and Masa branch, and some from Central branch have a gender system, whereas most of Central languages do not. (2) Which types of gender occur? - All the Chadic languages that have a gender system distinguish only two genders, feminine and masculine. There is no Chadic language that has a neuter gender (like in German) or a noun class system (like in Bantu). (3) Is there gender distinction in plural? - There is no Chadic language that shows gender distinction in plural. However, in some languages (e.g. Hausa, Buduma, etc.) the masculine gender goes with the plural in agreement in certain syntactic constructions like genitival, demonstrative, etc. (4) Which person distinguishes gender? - All the Chadic languages with a gender system distinguish gender in 2nd and 3rd person. (5) Way of gender agreement -The ways and environments of gender agreement differ from language to language. The most frequent gender agreement occurs in personal pronouns, genitival/possessive construction, and demonstratives. In some languages (e.g. Hausa) there occurs gender agreement also in copula and relative constructions. (6) Are Gender markers of Proto-Chadic reconstructable? - From this study two striking gender-related formatives emerge: {*T} for feminine and {*N} for masculine. They are the most frequently used formatives across the branches. This study reconfirms also the reconstruction of Proto-Chadic gender markers by Schuh(1983). (7) Is a gender recognizable in the word form? - Ca. the half of the languages shows an gender indicator in word itself, the most used being a final vowel {-a} for feminine nouns. Whether or not it has historical relevance, one needs further investigation.
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