18세기 영국의 대서양 노예무역과 아프리카 음식의 월경(越境)
The British Transatlantic Slave Trade and Migration of African Foods in the Eighteenth Century
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오랜 시간 노예무역 폐지운동에 대한 연구 성과가 축적되었지만 인적 이동에 비해 물적 이동이라는 성격은 충분히 강조되지 못했다. 그렇기 때문에 노예무역과 함께 전파된 작물의 이동과 그것이 초래한 식문화의 융합을 살펴보는 것은 노예무역의 또다른 주요 측면에 합당한 중요성을 부여한다. 서인도제도의 노예들은 처음엔 생존을 위해 아프리카 작물을 위해 경작했지만 점차 이윤을 얻기 위해 시장에 판매함으로서 그것들을 현지에 확산하였다. 더 나아가 이들은 아프리카에서 비롯된 음식에 서인도제도 작물과 북아메리카에서 수입된 재료들을 혼합하여 여러 가지 변형물을 만들어 냈다. 그래서 서인도제도에는 세 지역 음식문화의 특징이 조화를 이루는 다양한 음식의 혼종이 탄생하였다. 그리고 시간이 흐르며 이런 음식들의 상당부분을 백인을 포함한 타인종 공동체들이 수용하면서 이 지역의 식문화는 항구적으로 변하게 되었다. 이러한 사실은 노예무역을 통해 전파된 아프리카 작물과 식문화가 신대륙에서 살아남는 것을 넘어 새로운 생산물을 만들어 내고 있었음을 암시하는 역사적 실례를 제공한다.
Abstract
The Atlantic slave trade has been researched for a long time, but the material exchange caused by it, one of the main characteristics related to the trade has not been fully emphasized. Thus, closer scrutiny of migration of African crops and the cultural mixture of ‘African-American’ foods will place a proper importance on another side of the slave trade. At first, African slaves in the West Indies raised African crops for a living but soon started to trade them in local markets for profit. Accordingly, the spread of African plants was escalated. Furthermore, slaves added the Caribbean ingredients and crops imported from mainland North America to African cuisines and made variations of them. Thus, fusion foods which characterized three regions of West Africa, the West Indies and North America were created. These foods, over time, were permeated into other ethnic communities, and changed local cultures permanently. This suggests that the African plants and foods, migrated through the Atlantic slave trade into the West Indies were creating cultural products beyond its survival.
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