신라・고려시기 驛의 기능과 驛民의 雜役에 관하여 - 驛의 기와 공납을 중심으로 -
Functions of Post Stations and Miscellaneous Services of Post Station Inhabitants during the Silla and Goryeo Periods: A Focus on the Tributary System of Roof Tiles from Post Stations
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
驛名 기와가 발견되어 驛에서 기와를 생산하였을 가능성이 제기되었다. 교통・통신 기구인 역에서 기와 공납을 부담하였던 사회경제적 배경을 설명하고, 신라・고려시기 驛民의 雜役을 검토하고자 하였다. 경주 불국사에서 ‘구어역’명 기와가 다수 발견되었다. 불국사가 소재한 경주는 신라시대부터 기와 건물이 밀집된 도시였다. 신라 통일기~고려 초에 제작된 기와에 새겨진 驛名은 기와 제작지이다. 역민은 驛務 외에도 다양한 잡역에 동원되었는데, 기와를 생산하기도 하였다. 기와의 안정적 수급을 위해 중앙정부・지방 관청은 다양한 방식으로, 여러 기와가마에서 기와를 확보하였다. 기와가마는 원료・연료를 확보하기 위해 소비지에서 멀어졌지만 소비지로 기와를 옮기기 쉽도록 교통로에 인접하여 조성되었다. 驛은 기와가마를 조성하기에 적합한 지역 중 하나였다. 역은 공물을 운반하는 수단이었으며, 역의 유지와 역무 수행을 위해 숯・기와 등을 자체적으로 제작하기도 하였다. 중앙정부는 역에서 柴炭을 징발할 만큼 역은 나무를 확보하기에 비교적 쉬웠다. 현재 확인되는 역명 기와의 사례는 도시 가까운 역에 한정되지만, 신라시대부터 일부 역에서 기와를 제작하기도 하였다. 신라시대부터 역은 국가로부터 규정된 역무 외에도 다양한 잡역에 동원되고 있었다.
Abstract
The discovery of roof tiles inscribed with post station(驛) names has raised the possibility that post stations, previously known primarily as facilities for transportation and communication, may have also produced roof tiles. This study seeks to explain the socio-economic background of the tributary system(貢納) that required post stations to deliver roof tiles, and to examine the miscellaneous services(雜役) performed by the inhabitants of post stations during the Silla and Goryeo periods. A large number of roof tiles inscribed with “Gu-eo post station”(구어역) have been discovered at Bulguksa temple, and Gyeongju, where Bulguksa temple is located, was a city densely populated with tiled buildings since the Silla period. The post station names inscribed on tiles produced from Unified Silla through the early Goryeo period indicate the sites of manufacture. The inhabitants of post stations were mobilized for various miscellaneous services beyond their official post station duties, including the production of roof tiles. To ensure a stable supply of tiles, both central and local government offices employed diverse methods to secure tiles from multiple kilns. Tile kilns, in turn, were established close to transportation routes, even if located far from consumption sites, to facilitate the movement of tiles to their destinations, given the need to secure raw materials and fuel. Post stations were among the regions well-suited for the establishment of tile kilns. A post station functioned as a means for transporting tribute goods, and in order to maintain the post station and fulfill its official duties, it sometimes produced charcoal and roof tiles on its own. The central government’s requisitioning of fuel and charcoal as part of the Tribute of Fuel and Charcoal(柴炭貢) from post stations demonstrates that these stations had relatively easy access to wood resources. The current confirmed cases of roof tiles inscribed with post station names are limited to post stations near urban centers, but some post stations had already engaged in roof tile production as early as the Silla period. From the Silla era onward, post stations were mobilized for diverse miscellaneous services in addition to the official duties mandated by the state.