유럽에 전해진 중국 소설(1735-1840) ― 프랑스와 영국을 중심으로

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine an overview of the situations that classic Chinese novels were translated and spread in Europe. I researched the situations in which Chinese novels were introduced to Europe for about 100 years from 1735 to 1840, especially focusing on France and the United Kingdom. I discussed it in two separate periods, the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. First, the situations of the 18th century were summarized as follows. Du Halde (1674-1743), a France Jesuit, published Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, Et Physique de l’Empire de la Chine Et de la Tartarie Chinoise(1735) in Paris. It contained three works of Jinguqiguan(今古奇觀) translated in French. These were the first Chinese novels ever published in Europe. The translator was a Chinese missionary, François Xavier d’Entrecolles (1664-1741), who belonged to the French Jesuits. The translator was the French Jesuit Chinese missionary François Xavier d’Entrecolles (1664-1741). The first full-length Chinese novel translated in Europe was Haoqiuzhuan(好逑傳). This book was published in London in 1761 by Thomas Percy (1729-1811). But it was James Wilkinson, not him, who originally translated this work in Chinese. James Wilkinson, who worked as an employee of the East India company in Guangzhou(廣州), translated this work in 1719 for the purpose of studying Chinese. In the 18th century, Chinese missionary and employee of the East India company participated in the translation of Chinese novels. When a work was translated into one language of Europe, it was subsequently retranslated into another language, and spread in different countries. Second, in the first half of the 19th century, there were about thirty works of Chinese novel introduced to Europe. In France, short stories of Li Yu(李漁) and Feng Menglong(馮夢龍) were mainly translated, and Scholar and Beauty novels such as Yujiaoli(玉嬌梨) and Pingshanlengyan(平山冷燕) were published. Among the works of ‘Sidaqishu(四大奇書)’, Sanguoyanyi(三國演義) was introduced first. By the first half of the 19th century, Sinology were opened at French universities, and Chinese experts began to be trained. Translation of Chinese novels was also gradually replaced by those from missionaries. The journal specializing in Asian Studies was also established. By the late 19th century, France became the leading country in Chinese studies in Europe. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the United Kingdom fell short of France in the translation of Chinese novels. Short works were mainly translated rather than long ones, and there were more direct translations of original Chinese books than in previous periods. Short stories, like France, were mainly translated from the collection of Li Yu and Feng Menglong. Full-length novels, such as The Fortunate Union, A Romance(好逑傳), Chinese Courtship in Verse(花箋記) etc, were published in complete translation. At this time, the translators of Chinese novels were still centered on Chinese missionaries and diplomats. It is also characteristic that the East India company played important roles in the development of Sinology. In the United Kingdom, Sinology was opened at universities by the late 19th century, where professors were largely retired Chinese missionaries or diplomats.