明淸代 로컬리티 속의 廣東 女性 — ‘女將’을 중심으로
Guangdong Women from the Perspective of Ming-Qing Locality: Focusing on ‘emale generals’
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This paper explores how Ming-Qing literati interpreted the female generals of ancient Guangdong and accommodated it in the locality by targeting local gazetteers and local literature. Lady Xian(冼), a famous leader of Gaoliang(高凉) region during the Sui Empire era, was a sage and local authority in Lingnan(嶺南) during her lifetime, and after her death, she was revered as a local deity. Among these identities, the most influential one during the Ming and Qing period was the image of a righteous subject of the empire. However, even in this mainstream perspective that aims for uniform integration with the imperial system, questions and excuses about her feminine position were occasionally raised, and sometimes exclusive regionalism wrapped in mysticism appeared. Lady Xian’s past was forgotten as time goes by, and it was impossible to evoke her without mediating of the related spaces and objects. At this point, Lady Xian’s narrative completely lost its contemporality and became an object of retrospect and nostalgia. Meanwhile, the last female general of Guangdong, Cai Jiuniang(蔡九娘)’s story was spread in two different versions. As they entered the Ming Dynasty, local literati who needed to integrate the region’s history into the national system and ideology tried to read Cai Jiuniang within the framework of the narrative of ‘chaste women’. As Cai Jiuniang entered the local gazetteer’s “Biographies of Exemplary Women”, she was sealed as it was first recorded and remained until the end of the 19th century. However, in the trajectory of her life, some traces did not meet the standards of ‘exemplary women’. As a result, the locality of Guangdong, which deviated from the standard of China’s proper civilization, was expressed through text. This locality constructed in the text does not mean a direct reflection of the indigenous culture, but rather the process of compromise and adjustment for the local literati, who are the subject of the narrative, to accommodate the customs and practices of the indigenous people on the terrain of authorized legitimacy.
Abstract
This paper explores how Ming-Qing literati interpreted the female generals of ancient Guangdong and accommodated it in the locality by targeting local gazetteers and local literature. Lady Xian(冼), a famous leader of Gaoliang(高凉) region during the Sui Empire era, was a sage and local authority in Lingnan(嶺南) during her lifetime, and after her death, she was revered as a local deity. Among these identities, the most influential one during the Ming and Qing period was the image of a righteous subject of the empire. However, even in this mainstream perspective that aims for uniform integration with the imperial system, questions and excuses about her feminine position were occasionally raised, and sometimes exclusive regionalism wrapped in mysticism appeared. Lady Xian’s past was forgotten as time goes by, and it was impossible to evoke her without mediating of the related spaces and objects. At this point, Lady Xian’s narrative completely lost its contemporality and became an object of retrospect and nostalgia. Meanwhile, the last female general of Guangdong, Cai Jiuniang(蔡九娘)’s story was spread in two different versions. As they entered the Ming Dynasty, local literati who needed to integrate the region’s history into the national system and ideology tried to read Cai Jiuniang within the framework of the narrative of ‘chaste women’. As Cai Jiuniang entered the local gazetteer’s “Biographies of Exemplary Women”, she was sealed as it was first recorded and remained until the end of the 19th century. However, in the trajectory of her life, some traces did not meet the standards of ‘exemplary women’. As a result, the locality of Guangdong, which deviated from the standard of China’s proper civilization, was expressed through text. This locality constructed in the text does not mean a direct reflection of the indigenous culture, but rather the process of compromise and adjustment for the local literati, who are the subject of the narrative, to accommodate the customs and practices of the indigenous people on the terrain of authorized legitimacy.
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