‘치욕의 의식’ 三跪九叩頭禮 연구

Abstract

‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony(三跪九叩頭禮)’ is widely known as a “ritual of disgrace” because it was the ritual of surrender performed by the Injo to the Qing Taizong as a result of Second Manchu Invasion in 1636(丙子胡亂). However, Kowtow ceremony was not originally a Manchu ritual, but a Han ritual, and it was a routine ritual that also performed by Chosŏn yŏnhaengsa who visited the Ming Dynasty. In this paper, Chapter 2 examines the origins of the ‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony’, which has been established as a “ritual of disgrace” and the changes of Han Chinese rituals by period, and also examines the traditional Manchu ritual, ‘Hug and Meet Ceremony(抱見禮)’. In addition, Chapter 3 examines how ‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony’, widely known as ‘Samjeondo’s humiliation,’ is recorded in the Annals of the Chosŏn Dynasty, and compares it with the Manchu language records, which records Samjeondo’s surrender ritual from the perspective of Qing. After the Qing Dynasty became the owner of the midlands China, Chosŏn dispatched annual envoys. The dispatched envoys always practiced the courtesy of ‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony’ when they met the emperor. Chapter 4 of this thesis includes Kim Yuk’s 《Jokyung Illok》 (1636), Kang Sŏn’s 《Yŏnhaengnok》 (1699), Kim Chang-ŏp’s 《Yŏnhaeng Ilgi》 (1712), Lee Eui-bong’s 《Bukwŏnnok》 (1760), and Lim Baek-yŏn’s 《Gyŏngoh yuyŏn Illok》 (1837) introducing the records related to ‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony’ and what kind of thoughts did the envoys have in relation to ‘Thrice Kneeling and Nine Times Kowtow Ceremony’ which is commonly known as ‘a ritual of disgrace’, also explores the change in perception that occurs over time.