고대 중국 佛敎의 呪術에 대한 고찰 — ≪太平廣記≫를 중심으로

Abstract

This paper examines the Buddhist magical culture depicted in the Taping guangji(太平廣記), a treasure trove of ancient Chinese vernacular fiction. First, the origins of terms used in Buddhist magic—such as zhenyan(真言), dharani(陀羅尼), shenzhou(神呪), and mingzhou(明呪)—lie in the Sanskrit mantras, vidyā, and dharani. These respectively signify tools for expressing thought or containing ideas, the essence of knowledge or wisdom, and memory or mnemonics for recalling objects. In Mahayana Buddhism, sorcery aimed at protecting the Dharma became systematized and concretized with the establishment of Esoteric Buddhism, gaining the additional purpose of achieving enlightenment or wisdom. Second, during the early transmission period of Buddhism, sorcery was used to gain recognition from royal authority through the miraculous power of supernatural abilities, thereby achieving conversion and devotion to Buddhism. With the full establishment of Esoteric Buddhism in China, monks subdued demons through Esoteric Buddhist rituals and incantations, effectively saving the masses. Moreover, the general populace could recite the protective verses from the Sutra of the Thousand-Armed Avalokitesvara(千手經) to safeguard themselves, significantly expanding Esoteric Buddhism’s influence. Third, the Taiping guangji reflects that not only mantras like dharani and zhenyan, but also invoking the Buddha’s name or chanting sutras acquired a magical character. Calling upon Amitabha Buddha or reciting the Avalokitesvara Sutra(觀世音經) differed significantly from their original purpose. This phenomenon was a reflection of the ‘desire for blessings’ inherent in the hearts of the people of that time toward Buddhism as a religion. It reveals their religious views and psychology.