본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

THE QUEST FOR PEACE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: WHY GREECE?

Kurt A. Raaflaub
한국서양고전학회 (The Korean Society of Greco-Roman Studies)|2010.06|서양고전학연구 (The Journal of Greco-Roman Studies)|제40호|pp. 5-36

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

warpeaceAlcibiadesancient greeceidealogy
주제분류서양고전어와문학

초록

In short, only the voluntary abolition of imperialism and the return to earlier policies of generosity towards others could secure for the Athenians lasting peace, happiness, and the general admiration of all other Greeks. We find here echoes of ideas we know well from the funeral orations and suppliant plays and that were rooted deeply in Athenian ideologies of power and freedom. We also need to remember the extent to which Thucydides emphasizes polypragmosynē (aggressive activism) as the Athenians’dominant collective character trait that drove them ever further and finally,in Sicily, over the edge. In the debate preceding this fateful expedition,Thucydides lets Nicias warn his fellow citizens that, despite their wellknown inclination, it is too dangerous this time to give in to it, while Alcibiades encourages them to act according to their nature: it has led them to the peak of success and they will not be able to change their policies suddenly without at the same time changing their entire character and way of life. This is precisely what Isocrates recommends in his speech. He understood that lasting peace could be achieved only if one was able to change radically even the most deep-seated and long-standing patterns of thinking and behaving. Naïve? Perhaps. Simplistic? Probably. But, I suggest,profoundly correct! Rarely does an ancient author speak so directly to our own time.

Abstract

In short, only the voluntary abolition of imperialism and the return to earlier policies of generosity towards others could secure for the Athenians lasting peace, happiness, and the general admiration of all other Greeks. We find here echoes of ideas we know well from the funeral orations and suppliant plays and that were rooted deeply in Athenian ideologies of power and freedom. We also need to remember the extent to which Thucydides emphasizes polypragmosynē (aggressive activism) as the Athenians’dominant collective character trait that drove them ever further and finally,in Sicily, over the edge. In the debate preceding this fateful expedition,Thucydides lets Nicias warn his fellow citizens that, despite their wellknown inclination, it is too dangerous this time to give in to it, while Alcibiades encourages them to act according to their nature: it has led them to the peak of success and they will not be able to change their policies suddenly without at the same time changing their entire character and way of life. This is precisely what Isocrates recommends in his speech. He understood that lasting peace could be achieved only if one was able to change radically even the most deep-seated and long-standing patterns of thinking and behaving. Naïve? Perhaps. Simplistic? Probably. But, I suggest,profoundly correct! Rarely does an ancient author speak so directly to our own time.

참고문헌 (138)

  1. BMCR British Museum, "Coins of the Roman Empire"
  2. BNP, "Brill’s New Pauly"
  3. CAH, "Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn"
  4. LIMC, "Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae"
  5. LTUR, "Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae"
  6. "W&P Raaflaub", ~ (2007)
  7. "W&S Raaflaub and Rosenstein", ~ (1999)
  8. Adcock, Frank, "Diplomacy in Ancient Greece" (1975)
  9. Arnould,Dominique, "Guerre et paix dans la poésie grecque de Callinos à Pindare" (1981)
  10. Baltrusch,Ernst, "Symmachie und Spondai.Untersuchungen zum griechischen Völkerrecht der archaischen und klassischen Zeit(8.-5.Jh.v.Chr.)" (1994)
  11. Bauslaugh,Robert A, "The Concept of Neutrality in Classical Greece" (1991)
  12. Beard,Mary, "The Roman Triumph" (2007)
  13. Binder, Gerhard, "Krieg und Frieden im Altertum" (1989)
  14. Bleckmann,Bruno, "Athens Weg in die Niederlage: die letzten Jahre des Peloponnesischen Krieges" (1998)
  15. Boesche,Roger, "The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and his Arthashastra" (2002), Lanham MD
  16. Bringmann,Klaus, "Studien zu den politischen Ideen des Isokrates" (1965)
  17. Buchner,Edmund, "Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus" (1982)
  18. Burkert,Walter, "Greek Religion" (1985)
  19. Chapple,Christopher K, "Jainism and Nonviolence", Smith-Christopher, 1998, pp.13~24 (1998)
  20. Cobet,Justus, "Herodotus and Thucydides on War. In Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing", pp.1~18 (1986)
  21. Connor,W.Robert, "The New Politicians of Fifth-Century Athens" (1971)
  22. Crawford,Neta C, "A Security Regime among Democracies: Cooperation among Iroquois Nations", International Organization, 48(3), pp.345~385 (1994)
  23. Dobesch,Gerhard, "Der panhellenische Gedanke im 4. Jh. v. Chr. und der “Philippos” des Isokrates: Untersuchungen zum Korinthischen Bund" (1968)
  24. Ebrey,Patricia B, "The Cambridge Illustrated History of China" (1996)
  25. Eckstein,Arthur M, "Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome" (2006)
  26. Effe,Bernd, "Krieg und Frieden in der griechischen Literatur: das Beispiel der Ilias", pp.9~26 (1989)
  27. Finley, M. I., "The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years" (1976)
  28. Fuchs,Harald, "Augustin und der antike Friedensgedanke. Untersuchungen zum neunzehnten Buch der Civitas Dei. Berlin. 2nd ed" (1926)
  29. 3-387, "Homonoia und Arche. Athen und die griechische Staatenwelt vom Ende des Peloponnesischen Krieges bis zum Königsfrieden (404", pp.Wiesbaden, 6 v. Chr.)
  30. Fürst, Alfons, "Friede auf Erden? Die Weltreligionen zwischen Gewaltverzicht und Gewaltbereitschaft" (2006), Freiburg i. Br.
  31. Galinsky,Karl, "Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction" (1996)
  32. Gehrke, Hans-Joachim, "Stasis. Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in den griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr" (1985)
  33. Geerlings,Wilhelm, "Augustin und der antike Friedensgedanke. In Binder and Effe", pp.191~203 (1989)
  34. Gilissen, John, "La Paix. 2 vols. Recueils de la Société J. Bodin", pp.14~15 (1962)
  35. Giovannini,Adalberto, "Les relations entre états dans la Grèce antique du temps d’Homère à l’intervention romaine (ca. 700-200 av. J.-C.)" (2007)
  36. Glei, Reinhold, "Krieg und Frieden in der Sicht des Dichters Vergil. In Binder and Effe", pp.171~190 (1989)
  37. Gordon,Richard L, "Mars", BNP, 8, pp.397~401 (2006)
  38. Graeber,Andreas, "Friedensvorstellung und Friedensbegriff bei den Griechen bis zum Peloponnesischen Krieg", Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, 109, pp.116~163 (1992)
  39. Hammer,Dean, "The Iliad as Politics: The Performance of Political Thought" (2002)
  40. Hansen,Mogens H, "The Polis as a Citizen State. InThe Ancient Greek City-State", pp.7~29 (1993)
  41. Hanson,V.D, "Democratic Warfare, Ancient and Modern", pp.3~33 (2001)
  42. Hardwick,Lorna, "Concepts of Peace. In Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire", pp.335~368 (2000)
  43. Henderson,Jeffrey, "Lysistrate: the Play and Its Themes", Yale Classical Studies, 26, pp.153~218 (1980)
  44. Herman,Gabriel, "Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City" (1987)
  45. Hölkeskamp,Karl-Joachim, "Capitol, Comitium und Forum. Öffentliche Räume, sakrale Topographie und Erinnerungslandschaften in der römischen Republik. In Senatus Populusque Romanus. Die politische Kultur der Republik: Dimensionen und Deutungen", pp.137~168 (2004)
  46. Hölkeskamp,Karl-Joachim, "Der Triumph — ‘erinnere Dich, dass Du ein Mensch bist’", pp.258~276 (2006)
  47. Hölscher,Tonio, "Concordia", LIMC, 5, pp.479~498 (1990)
  48. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim, "Images and Political Identity: The Case of Athens. In Democracy, Empire, and the Arts in Fifth- Century Athens", pp.153~387 (1998)
  49. Hurwitt,Jeffrey M, "The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles" (2004)
  50. Jacobsen,Thorkild, "The Harps that Once… Sumerian Poetry in Translation" (1987), New Haven
  51. Jehne,Martin, "Koine Eirene" (1994)
  52. Karavites,Peter, "Promise-Giving and Treaty-Making: Homer and the Near East" (1992)
  53. Katz,Barry, "Varro, Sallust, and the Pius aut de pace", Classica & Mediaevalia, 36, pp.127~158 (1985)
  54. Kautalya, "Arthasastra. 7th ed." (1961), Mysore
  55. Kiechle,Franz, "Zur Humanität in der Kriegführung der griechischen Staaten", Historia, 7, pp.129~156 (1958)
  56. Knippschild,Silke, "Drum bietet zum Bunde die Hände. Rechtssymbolische Akte in zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen im orientalischen und griechischrömischen Altertum" (2002)
  57. Kranz,Peter, "Krieg und Frieden als Themen antiker Bildkunst. In Binder and Effe", pp.68~84 (1989)
  58. Laufs,Joachim, "Der Friedensgedanke bei Augustinus. Untersuchungen zum XIX. Buch des Werkes De Civitate Dei" (1973), Wiesbaden
  59. Lebow, Richard Ned, "Hegemonic Rivalry: From Thucydides to the Nuclear Age" (1991), Boulder
  60. Linderski,Jerzy, "Pax deorum (deum)", BNP, 10, pp.659~660 (2007)
  61. Lloyd-Jones,H, "The Justice of Zeus. 2nd ed" (1983)
  62. 402 b.c. in Athens: Its Content and Application, "The Reconciliation Agreement of 403", pp.1987, Loening,T.C
  63. Loewe, Michael, "The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 b.c" (1999)
  64. Low,Polly, "Interstate Relations in Classical Greece" (2007)
  65. Luginbill,Robert D, "Thucydides on War and National Character" (1999)
  66. Lun,Tam Wai, "Subverting Hatred: Peace and Nonviolence in Confucianism and Daoism", pp.49~66 (1998)
  67. McCann, David R., "War and Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Korean War and the Peloponnesian War"
  68. McIntosh,Jane R, "A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization" (2000)
  69. Meier, Christian, "The Greek Discovery of Politics" (1990)
  70. Meier, Christian, "Die Rolle des Krieges im klassischen Athen", Historische Zeitschrift, 251, pp.555~605 (1990)
  71. Mendelsohn,Daniel, "Gender and the City in Euripides’ Political Plays" (2002)
  72. Meyer, Marion, "Das Bild des ‘Friedens’ im Athen des 4. Jhs. v. Chr.: Sehnsucht, Hoffnung und Versprechen", pp.61~86 (2008)
  73. Meyer, Marion, "Friede: eine Spurensuche" (2008)
  74. Morris,Ian, "The Strong Principle of Equality and the Archaic Origins of Greek Democracy", pp.19~48 (1996)
  75. Morris,Ian, "Archaeology as Cultural History" (2000)
  76. Müller,Marcus, "Facing up to Cruelty", Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 20, pp.115~142 (2009)
  77. Munn,Mark, "The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrate" (2000)
  78. Nardin,Terry, "The Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspectivdes" (1996)
  79. Ober, Josiah, "Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern" (1996)
  80. Osborne,Robin, "Democracy and Imperialism in the Panathenaic Procession: The Parthenon Frieze in Its Context. In The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy", pp.143~150 (1994)
  81. Ostwald,Martin, "Peace and War in Plato and Aristotle", Scripta Classica Israelica, 15, pp.102~118 (1996)
  82. Parker,Robert, "Athenian Religion: A History" (1996)
  83. Piccirilli,Luigi, "Gli arbitrati interstatali greci" (1973)
  84. Piccirilli,Luigi, "L'invenzione della diplomazia nella Grecia antica" (2002)
  85. Portal,Jane, "The First Emperor: China’s Terracotta Army" (2007)
  86. Price,Jonathan, "Thucydides and Internal War" (2001)
  87. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Politisches Denken im Zeitalter Athens In Pipers Handbuch der politischen Ideen, I", pp.273~368 (1988)
  88. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Expansion und Machtbildung in frühen Polis-Systemen. In Staat und Staatlichkeit in der frühen römischen Republik", pp.511~545 (1990)
  89. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Democracy,Power,and Imperialism in Fifth-Century Athens.In Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy", pp.103~146 (1994)
  90. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Born to Be Wolves? Origins of Roman Imperialism. In Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco- Roman History, 360-146 b.c., in Honor of E. Badian", pp.273~314 (1996)
  91. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Equalities and Inequalities in Athenian Democracy", pp.139~174 (1996)
  92. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Homeric Society. In A New Companion to Homer", pp.624~648 (1997)
  93. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Politics and Interstate Relations in the World of Early Greek Poleis: Homer and Beyond", Antichthon, 31, pp.1~27 (1997)
  94. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Poets, Lawgivers, and the Beginning of Political Reflection in Archaic Greece. In The Cambridge Companion of Greek and Roman Political Thought", pp.23~59 (2000)
  95. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Father of All, Destroyer of All: War in Late Fifth-Century Athenian Discourse and Ideology", pp.307~356 (2001)
  96. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "Political Thought, Civic Responsibility, and the Greek Polis. In Agon, Logos, Polis: The Greek Achievement and Its Aftermath", pp.72~117 (2001)
  97. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece. revised and updated from the German" (2004)
  98. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Thucydides on Democracy and Oligarchy. In Brill’s Companion to Thucydides", pp.189~222 (2006)
  99. Raaflaub,Kurt A., "War and Peace in the Ancient World" (2007)
  100. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Conceptualizing and Theorizing Peace in the Ancient Greek World", TAPA, 139, pp.225~250 (2009)
  101. Raaflaub,Kurt A, "Peace as the Highest End and Good? The Role of Peace in Roman Thought and Politics" (2010), Römische Okkupations- und Grenzpolitik im frühen Prinzipat
  102. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds" (1999)
  103. Raaflaub, Kurt A, "‘People’s Power’ and Egalitarian Trends in Archaic Greece. In Origins of Greek Democracy", pp.22~48 (2007)
  104. Richardson, jr, Lawrence, "A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome" (1992)
  105. Rollinger, Robert, "Die Verschriftlichung von Normen: Einflüsse und Elemente orientalischer Kulturtechnik in den homerischen Epen, dargestellt am Beispiel des Vertragstextes. In Griechische Archaik: Interne Entwicklungen — externe Impulse", pp.369~425 (2004)
  106. Romilly,Jacqueline de, "Vocabulaire et propagande ou les premiers emplois du mot homonoia. In Mélanges de linguistique et de philologie grecques offerts à Pierre Chantrain", pp.199~209 (1972)
  107. Ryder,T.T.B, "Koine Eirene: General Peace and Local Independence in Ancient Greece" (1965)
  108. Schachter,Albert, "Ares", BNP, 1, pp.1047~1051 (2002)
  109. Scheibler,Ingeborg, "Götter des Friedens in Hellas und Rom", Antike Welt, 15(1), pp.39~57 (1984)
  110. Scherf,Johannes, "Pax", BNP, 10, pp.657~659 (2007)
  111. Shapiro,H.Alan, "Homonoia", LIMC, 5, pp.476~479 (1990)
  112. Simon,Erika, "Ara Pacis Augustae" (1967)
  113. Simon,Erika, "Mars", LIMC, 2, pp.505~559 (1984)
  114. Simon,Erika, "Eirene", LIMC, 3, pp.700~705 (1986)
  115. Simon,Erika, "Eirene und Pax. Friedensgöttinnen in der Antike" (1988), SB Wiss
  116. Main 24.3. Frankfurt, "Goethe-Univ. Frankfurt", Main
  117. Joh.Wolfg, "Pax", LIMC, 7, pp.204~212 (1994)
  118. Smith-Christopher,Daniel L., "Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions" (1998), Maryknoll NY
  119. Sordi,Marta, "La pace nel mondo antico" (1985)
  120. Spiegel,Nathan, "War and Peace in Classical Greek Literature" (1990)
  121. Stafford,Emma, "Worshipping Virtues: Personification and the Divine in Ancient Greece" (2000)
  122. Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke, "Erinnerungsorte der Antike: die römische Welt" (2006)
  123. Tausend,Klaus, "Amphiktyonie und Symmachie: Formen zwischenstaatlicher Beziehungen im archaischen Griechenland" (1992)
  124. Thapar,Romila, "Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas" (1961)
  125. Thapar, Romila, "Early India from the Origins to AD 1300" (2002)
  126. Tod,M.N, "International Arbitration amongst the Greeks" (1913)
  127. Travlos,John, "Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens" (1971)
  128. Versnel,H.S, "Triumphus:An Inquiry into the Origin,Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph" (1970)
  129. Wees,Hans van, "Status Warriors:War,Violence and Society in Homer and History" (1992)
  130. Wees,Hans van, "War and Violence in Ancient Greece" (2000)
  131. Wees,Hans van, "War and Peace in Ancient Greece.In and War,Peace and World Orders in European History", pp.33~47 (2001)
  132. Weinstock,Stefan, "Pax and the ‘Ara Pacis’", Journal of Roman Studies, 50, pp.44~58 (1960)
  133. Wéry,L.-M, "Die Arbeitsweise der Diplomatie in Homerischer Zeit. In Antike Diplomatie", pp.13~53 (1979)
  134. Woolf,Greg, "Roman Peace. In and War and Society in the Roman World", pp.171~194 (1993)
  135. Zampaglione,Gerardo, "The Idea of Peace in Antiquity" (1973)
  136. Zanker,Paul, "Forum Augustum. Das Bildprogramm" (1968)
  137. Zanker,Paul, "The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus" (1988)
  138. Zuntz, Günther, "The Political Plays of Euripides" (1955)

관련 논문AI추천

Thucydides on the Fate of the Democratic Empire박성우국제학연구소 · Journal of International and Area Studies2008 · 제15권 제1호전쟁의 원인과 국제관계에 대한 투키디데스의 분석 -긍정적 인간성과 평화의 지향에서 보이는 현대적 의미-최자영대구사학회 · 대구사학2010 · 제101권 Classical Greek Political Science in Action: Social Critique in Thucydides’ Mytilenean Debate and Melian DialogueOtto Linderborg한국서양고전학회 · 서양고전학연구2021 · 제60권 제1호The Idea of politeia: its Role and DestinySumio Takabatake한국서양고대역사문화학회 · 서양고대사연구2020 · 제59호Socratic War Ethics in Ancient Greece박균열, Brendan M. Howe한국윤리학회 · 倫理硏究2016 · 제1권 제107호투키디데스 펠로폰네소스 전쟁사 재구성: 외교논쟁과 그 현대적 함의장준호한국정치외교사학회 · 한국정치외교사논총2007 · 제28권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)

WHY DID GREEKS AND ROMANS FIGHT WARS?Matthew Trundlepp. 37-56Pirates, Warfare and Failing States in Ancient GreeceBurkhard Meissnerpp. 57-82The Theory and Practice of Universal History in Polybian Historiography김경현pp. 83-111Retrospect and Prospect of the Western Ancient History Studies in Korea: On the Occasion of the “50th Anniversary of The Korean Society of Western History”김덕수pp. 113-133What do you know when you know yourself? – Knowing oneself in Plato’s Charmides 165a7 ff.유혁pp. 135-161
원문 보기