Democracy and Free Speech in Herodotus’ Lydian Logos
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The argument for Athenian freedom of speech (in Foucault, JS Mill, and others) distinguishes the concept of equal, free speech (ἰσηγορίη) from frank speech (παρρησία). Herodotus does not use the term παρρησία, but he offers a parallel, if importantly different, two-stage account of equal freedom of speech (ἰσηγορίη) improved by historical inquiry (ἱστορίη). Unlike the parrhesiastic ‘right to say all’ (pan-rēsia), Herodotean inquiry operates under conditions of self-restraint and moderation. This essay shows that Herodotus’s attempt to correct democracy’s drift towards imperialism requires the type of skeptical inquiry that can save democracy from itself, including or especially inquiry that exposes the incomplete knowledge of the world that animates political actors with imperial ambitions. Although tyrants can successfully use signs and information to make good decisions, the Lydian logos (1, 6 - 1, 91) suggests that politically integrated, democratic regimes will have more flexibility in decision-making than less integrated regimes. What is of particular use for democratic regimes is a combination of the mobilizing power of democratic politics and a technique of critical self-inquiry that is more typically associated with the intellectual virtues of elites. In the conclusion, it is argued that Herodotus’ special form of comparative historical inquiry into constitutional orders is precisely what democracy needs to preserve liberty and to avoid the hybris and excess that are characteristic of ambitious and expansionist regimes, autocratic or democratic.
Abstract
The argument for Athenian freedom of speech (in Foucault, JS Mill, and others) distinguishes the concept of equal, free speech (ἰσηγορίη) from frank speech (παρρησία). Herodotus does not use the term παρρησία, but he offers a parallel, if importantly different, two-stage account of equal freedom of speech (ἰσηγορίη) improved by historical inquiry (ἱστορίη). Unlike the parrhesiastic ‘right to say all’ (pan-rēsia), Herodotean inquiry operates under conditions of self-restraint and moderation. This essay shows that Herodotus’s attempt to correct democracy’s drift towards imperialism requires the type of skeptical inquiry that can save democracy from itself, including or especially inquiry that exposes the incomplete knowledge of the world that animates political actors with imperial ambitions. Although tyrants can successfully use signs and information to make good decisions, the Lydian logos (1, 6 - 1, 91) suggests that politically integrated, democratic regimes will have more flexibility in decision-making than less integrated regimes. What is of particular use for democratic regimes is a combination of the mobilizing power of democratic politics and a technique of critical self-inquiry that is more typically associated with the intellectual virtues of elites. In the conclusion, it is argued that Herodotus’ special form of comparative historical inquiry into constitutional orders is precisely what democracy needs to preserve liberty and to avoid the hybris and excess that are characteristic of ambitious and expansionist regimes, autocratic or democratic.
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