Apollo and the Suitors in the Odyssey
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Apollo is the most distinguished god in Homer in punishing those who dare overstep their limits. I argue that the festive day of Apollo is the most suitable moment for the punishment of the suitors, as far as divine justice is concerned. Homer presents Ithaca, where the suitors are ruling, in a completely different light from any other ordinary human society by showing us their transgressive way of life from beginning to end. They repeatedly ignore the warnings from the gods. All they do is enjoying feasts, as if they were immortals. Of all the mortals in Homer only the suitors put into practice this strange way of living in everyday life. They do not cultivate their land with their hands but shift all the obligations onto others and force them to work extremely hard. Their hybristic behaviours resulted from their forbidden desire of living like gods in the human world. This is the linchpin of their evil deeds. They blur the boundaries between men and gods. Thus, the suitors’ way of life provokes divine anger. We expect that the suitors should be subject to punishment from the gods, in accordance with divine justice which Zeus enunciates in the proem. Like many other gods, Apollo in the Odyssey has little to do with any intervention or epiphany. Nevertheless, he still maintains his Iliadic character as a punisher of transgressive mortals, by offering the background of the vengeance for the hero.
Abstract
Apollo is the most distinguished god in Homer in punishing those who dare overstep their limits. I argue that the festive day of Apollo is the most suitable moment for the punishment of the suitors, as far as divine justice is concerned. Homer presents Ithaca, where the suitors are ruling, in a completely different light from any other ordinary human society by showing us their transgressive way of life from beginning to end. They repeatedly ignore the warnings from the gods. All they do is enjoying feasts, as if they were immortals. Of all the mortals in Homer only the suitors put into practice this strange way of living in everyday life. They do not cultivate their land with their hands but shift all the obligations onto others and force them to work extremely hard. Their hybristic behaviours resulted from their forbidden desire of living like gods in the human world. This is the linchpin of their evil deeds. They blur the boundaries between men and gods. Thus, the suitors’ way of life provokes divine anger. We expect that the suitors should be subject to punishment from the gods, in accordance with divine justice which Zeus enunciates in the proem. Like many other gods, Apollo in the Odyssey has little to do with any intervention or epiphany. Nevertheless, he still maintains his Iliadic character as a punisher of transgressive mortals, by offering the background of the vengeance for the hero.
참고문헌 (67)
- Allen, T. W., "Homeri Ilias" (1920), Clarendon Press
- Von der Mühll, P., "Homeri Odyssea" (1984), B. G. Teubner
- Lattimore, R., "The Iliad of Homer" (1951), University Of Chicago Press
- Lattimore, R., "The Odyssey of Homer" (1965), Harper Perennial
- Andersen, Ø, "Die Diomedesgestalt in der Ilias (Symbolae Osloenses Suppl. 5)" (1978), Universitetsforlaget
- Anhalt, E., "Bull for Poseidon: The Bull’s Bellow in Odyssey 21.46–50", Classical Quarterly, 47, pp.15~25 (1997)
- Auffarth, C, "Der drohende Untergang: “Schöpfung” in Mythos und Ritual im Alten Orient und in Griechenland am Beispiel der Odyssee und des Ezechielbuches" (1991), Walter de Gruyter
- Austin, N., "Archery at the dark of the moon: poetic problems in Homer’s Odyssey" (1975), University of California Press
- Brown, C., "In the Cyclops’ Cave: Revenge and Justice in Odyssey 9", Mnemosyne, 49, pp.1~29 (1996)
- Burkert, W., "Das Lied von Ares und Aphrodite: Zum Verhältnis von Odyssee und Ilias", Rheinisches Museum, 103, pp.130~144 (1960)
- Burkert, W., "Apellai und Apollon", Rheinisches Museum, 118, pp.1~21 (1975)
- Burkert, W., "Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche" (1977), Kohlhammer
- Colakis, M., "The Laughter of the Suitors in ‘Odyssey’ 20", Classical World, 79, pp.137~141 (1986)
- de Jong, I. J. F., "Convention versus Realism in the Homeric Epics", Mnemosyne, 58, pp.1~22 (2005)
- Delebecque, É., "Télémacque et la structure de l’Odyssée" (1958), Ophrys
- Edwards, M, "Homer, Poet of the Iliad" (1987), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Emlyn–Jones, C., "True and Lying Tales in the Odyssey", Greece &Rome, 33, pp.1~10 (1986)
- Erbse, H., "Beiträge zum Verständnis der Odyssee" (1972), Walter de Gruyter
- Fenik, B, "Studies in the Odyssey" (1974), Franz Steiner
- Friedrich, R, "Stilwandel im homerischen Epos: Studien zur Poetik und Theorie der epischen Gattung" (1975), Winter
- Fuqua, C., "Proper Behavior in the Odyssey", Illinois Classical Studies, 16, pp.49~58 (1991)
- Graf, F., "Apollo" (2009), Routledge
- Griffin, J., "The Divine Audience and the Religion of the Iliad", Classical Quarterly, 28, pp.1~22 (1978)
- Griffin, J., "Chios: a conference at the Homereion in Chios", pp.3~13 (1986), Oxford University Press
- Halverson, J., "Social Order in the ‘Odyssey’", Hermes, 113, pp.129~145 (1985)
- Harrison, J, "A commentary on Homer’s Odyssey. Vol. 1" (1988), Oxford University Press
- Hinckley, L., "Patroclus’ Funeral Games and Homer’s Character Portrayal", Classical Journal, 81, pp.209~221 (1986)
- Hölscher, U., "Untersuchungen zur Form der Odyssee: Szenwechsel und gleichzeitige Handlungen" (1939), Weidmann
- Hölscher, U, "Die Odyssee: Epos zwischen Märchen und Roman" (1989), C. H. Beck
- Janko, R., "The Homeric Poems as Oral Dictated Texts", Classical Quarterly, 48, pp.1~13 (1998)
- Jones, P., "Homer: Odyssey I and II, Translation, Introduction and Commentary" (1991), Aris and Phillips
- Kang, Dae-jin, "Structure of Battle scenes in the Iliad", pp.2001
- Kirk, G. S., "The Iliad: a commentary. Vol. 1" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- Kirk, G. S., "The Iliad: a commentary. Vol. 2" (1990), Cambridge University Press
- Klingner, F, "Über die vier ersten Bücher der Odyssee" (1944), Hirzel
- Krischer, T., "Formale Konventionen der homerischen Epik" (1971), C. H. Beck
- Latacz, J., "Das Menschenbild Homers", Gymnasium, 91, pp.15~39 (1984)
- Lateiner, D., "The Suitor’s Take: Manners and Power in Ithaka", Colby Quarterly, 29, pp.173~196 (1993)
- Levaniouk, O., "Eve of the Festival: Making Myth in Odyssey 19" (2011), Harvard University Press
- Levine, D., "Odyssey 18: Iros as Paradigm for the Suitors", Classical Journal, 77, pp.200~204 (1982)
- Levine, D., "Theoklymenos and the Apocalypse", Classical Journal, 79, pp.1~7 (1983)
- Levy, H., "The Odyssean Suitors and the Host–Guest Relationship", Transactions of the American Philological Association, 94, pp.145~153 (1963)
- Lohmann, D, "Die Komposition der Reden in der Ilias" (1970), Walter de Gruyter
- Macleod, C., "Homer, Iliad XXIV" (1982), Cambridge University Press
- Martin, R., "The Language of Heroes: Speech and Performance in the Iliad" (1989), Cornell University Press
- Matsumoto, N., "Gnomosyne. menschliches Denken und Handeln in der frühgriechischen Literatur. Festschrift für Walter Marg zum 70. Geburtstag", pp.135~141 (1981), C. H. Beck
- Otto, W, "Die Götter Griechenlands" (1956), Vittorio Klostermann
- Owen, E. T., "The Story of the Iliad" (1989), Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers
- Ready, J., "Why Odysseus strings his Bow", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 50, pp.133~157 (2010)
- Redfield, J., "Approaches to Homer", pp.218~247 (1983), University of Texas Press
- Reinhardt, K., "Von Werken und Formen: Vorträge und Aufsätze", pp.11~36 (1948), Küpper
- Reinhardt, K, "Tradition und Geist:gesammelte Essays zur Dichtung", pp.47~124 (1960), Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht
- Reinhardt, K., "Die Ilias und ihr Dichter" (1961), Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht
- Robert, S., "Odysseus Aloof and Astray", Grazer Beiträge, 20, pp.1~25 (1994)
- Rüter, K., "Odysseeinterpretationen" (1969), Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht
- Rutherford, R. B., "The philosophy of the Odyssey", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 106, pp.145~162 (1986)
- Rutherford, R. B., "Homer Odyssey Books XIX and XX" (1992), Cambridge University Press
- Rutherford, R. B., "From the Iliad to the Odyssey", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 38, pp.37~54 (1993)
- Scodel, R., "The suitors’ games", American Journal of Philology, 122, pp.307~327 (2001)
- Segal, C., "Singers, heroes, and Gods in the Odyssey" (1994), Cornell University Press
- Sourvinou–Inwood, C, "Crime and Punishment: Tityos, Tantalos and Sisyphos in Odyssey 11", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 33, pp.37~58 (1986)
- Stoevesandt, M, "Homers Ilias: Gesamtkommentar: Bd. 4. Sechster Gesang (Z) Fasz. 2. Kommentar" (2008), Walter de Gruyter
- Strasburger, H., "Der soziologische Aspekt der homerischen Epen", Gymnasium, 60, pp.97~114 (1953)
- Vernant, J. P., "Le refus d’Ulysse", Le temps de la Réflexion, 3, pp.13~18 (1982)
- Vidal–Naquet, P., "Le Chasseur noir: Formes de pensées et formes de société dans le monde grec" (1991), Ed. la découverte
- Walcot, P, "Envy and the Greeks: a study of human behavior" (1978), Aris and Phillips
- Willcock, M. M, "Mythological Paradeigma in the Iliad", Classical Quarterly, 14, pp.141~154 (1964)