닐 스미스의 불균등발전론과 자본주의의 지리학
Neil Smith’s theory of uneven development and geography of capitalism
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닐 스미스의 불균등발전론은 1984년 출간된 『불균등발전』에서 처음을 제시된이후 도시적 규모에서 젠트리피케이션 이론과 지구적 규모에서 ‘아메리카 제국’또는 ‘신자유주의의 세계화’ 과정에 관한 논의로 확장되었다. 『불균등발전』에서스미스는 이러한 불균등발전론을 정형화하기 위하여 자연과 공간의 생산, 차별화와 균등화의 경향, 공간적 규모의 생산과 시소운동 등 세부 개념들을 매우 독창적이고 통찰력 있게 제시했다. 이 개념들은 최근 지리학자들의 많은 관심을 끌고있지만, 스미스는 이미 30년 전에 이 개념들을 이론화하고자 했다는 점에서, 『불균등발전』은 오늘날 인문지리학의 고전으로 인정된다. 불균등발전론을 도시적 규모에서 체계화한 그의 젠트리피케이션 이론과 ‘지대격차’ 개념은 내부 도시와 교외 개발 과정에서 작동하는 자본의 시소운동을 포착하고 있다. 또한 2000년대 출판된 그의 두 권의 책, 보우만의 지리학이 어떻게 아메리카 제국주의에 기여했는가를 서술한 『아메리카 제국』, 그리고 신자유주의적 세계화 과정이 1990년대 이후 어떻게 전개되었는가를 탐구한 『지구화의 종반』은 그 중심축에 자본의 지리학적 프로젝트가 위치한 지구적 규모의 불균등발전을 규명하기 위한 그의 노력으로이해된다. 스미스의 불균등발전론과 그 후 일련의 연구들은 결함이 없다고 할 수는 없지만, 지리학과 마르크스주의를 결합시킨 자본주의의 지리학과 그 대안을정립하기 위한 그의 위대한 이론적 실천적 프로젝트였다고 인정된다.
Abstract
Neil Smith’s theory of uneven development, proposed at first in his early masterpiece,Uneven Development, has been developed and extended to his theory of gentrificationon the urban scale and his consideration on ‘American empire’ and neoliberalglobalization on the global scale. In Uneven Development, he suggested with highlyoriginative and in-depth insight concepts of production of nature and of space, tendencytowards differentiation and equalization, production of geographical scale andsee-saw movement and others in detail in order to formulate his theory of unevendevelopment. Although it is only recently that those concepts have attracted manygeographers’ attention, Smith tried already before three decades ago to theorizethem. And hence the text is now recognized as a classics in human geography. His theory of urban gentrification and concept of ‘rent-gap’ which grasp theoreticallyand empirically the sea-saw movement of capital between inner city and suburbscan be seen as an application and further elaboration of his theory of unevendevelopment on the urban scale. His two books, American Empire which describeshow the geography of Bowman contributed to American imperialism, and TheEndgame fo Globalization which explains how the process of neoliberalism has beendeveloped since the 1990s until recently, can be seen as his great endeavours toexplore uneven development on the global scale at the heart of which lies a geographicalproject of capital. Even though it cannot be said that there is no flawin Smith’s theory of uneven development and a series of his research, these wouldbe recognized as his great theoretical and practical project to formulate geographyof capitalism and its alternative which integrate geography with Marxism.
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