스웨덴의 코로나19, 정책대응과 미스매치
Policy Response against COVID-19 and Mismatches: A Swedish Case
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초록
코로나19 위기에 대응하여 스웨덴은 강성규제방식 대신 연성자율전략을 택했고 그 결과단기간에 높은 인명 피해를 경험했다. 본 연구는 스웨덴 정부가 초동 대응 6개월 동안 연성모형을 택한 근거를 탐색하고, 그 과정에서 효과적 방역모형과는 정책요인별로 미스매치가 있었음을 분석한 것이다. 스웨덴의 정책체계는 포괄적 장기적 정책기조와 전문가주의 권고체제를 전통으로 유지해 왔다. 의료체계의 공급부문에서는 서비스 대상이 특정화되고 의료자원역량이 제한적이라는 특성이 있다. 수요부문에서는 의료서비스에 대한 수요가 낮고 제도 순응성이 높은 한편, 고용구조에서 광의의 보건직종 비중이 크다는 점, 특히 이민자 집단의 언어가 다양하고 가구혼잡도가 높다는 점 등이 특징으로 상존해 왔다. 이런 요인들은 코로나19 집중 방역대책에 부정적으로 작용했는데 정부는 큰 변화 없이 기존의 정책 운영 방식을 지속했다. 스웨덴 사례는 평시의 북유럽식 의료체계가 단기의 위기상황 대처 전략에는 한계가 있음을 보여준다. 한편 코로나19 위기가 장기화될 가능성이 있는 만큼 스웨덴의 정책 거버넌스, 재정전략, 자발적 건강관리와 개인책임 강조 등은 단기 방역에 높은 성과를 거둔 한국의 지속가능한 대안 설계에 시사하는 바가 있다.
Abstract
This study purports to inquire into the Swedish case of policy mismatches in responding COVID-19 pandemic, which account for high human cost in the early stage. The research examines why Sweden has taken a flexible recommendation, not a rigid regulation. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the Nordic country has taken its traditional policy paradigm and healthcare model with comprehensive and diverse goals from a long perspective, democratic governance by professionals under limited healthcare resources to cover specific target groups. The approach also emphasizes individual responsibility and autonomy, not perfectly embedded in the immigrant community. The research founded that the conventional Swedish approach, which fared well before the pandemic, yielded policy mismatches with ideal responses against COVID-19. From a long-term sustainable perspective, the Swedish experiences can provide lessons to Korea, a renowned short-term success story with a comparatively hard regulatory model.
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