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역학적 스트레스 반영 뼈대지표를 이용한 연구의 한계와 가능성에 대한 재고

Rethinking the Possibilities and Limitations of a Study on the Skeletal Markers Reconstructing the General Level of Physical Activity

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주제분류해부학

초록

생물인류학자들은 역학적 스트레스에 대해 반응하고 적응하는 뼈의 형태를 통해 과거 집단의 삶을 복원하고자 한다. 이러한 연구에서 자주 이용되는 지표는 퇴행성 관절 질환과 근부착부위 뼈대변형으로, 1960년대부터 두 지표의 발현양상을 중심으로 특정 행위유형에 대한 유추 및 생계경제 패턴에 대한 연구가 진행되었다. 최근에는 사회 복잡성과 역사적 경험, 불평등 구조 등 사회적 맥락 안에서 지표의 발현양상을 해석하고자 하는연구도 이루어지고 있다. 각각의 지표 자체는 개체의 성과 나이와 같은 생물적 속성뿐 아니라 집단의 사회문화적 환경에 의해서도 다르게 발현되기 때문에 해석상의 주의가 요구된다. 즉 이러한 지표를 행위복원 연구에 이용하기 위해서는, 아직까지 과거 사회의 노동 및 일상에 대한 이해가 충분하지 않다는 사실과 더불어, 지표의 발현에 영향을 미치는요인들이 다양하다는 점에 주의해야 한다. 이러한 맥락에서 행위와 뼈대 변형의 특징을 보다 객관적으로 이해하기 위해서는 임상 의학과 운동역학 분야의 연구결과를 반드시 고려해야 할 것이며 다른 뼈대지표들을 함께사용하는 것도 결과의 신뢰도를 높이는 방법이 된다. 그러나 보다 신뢰할만한 결과를 얻기 위해서는 무엇보다도 지표에서 나타나는 형태적 특징이 특정 행위와 관련되었음을 입증하는 작업이 선행되어야 한다. 이러한 측면에서 한 집단의 행위복원 연구에 빈번하게 사용되는퇴행성 관절 질환과 근부착부위 뼈대변형의 형태적 특징이 신체 행위와 관련된 역학적 스트레스의 결과인지 검증하는 작업은 매우 중요하다. 궁극적으로 이 연구는 뼈대의 형태적 특징과 역학적 스트레스의 관계를 이해하고 집단 차원의 행위복원 연구에서 이러한 지표들을 어떻게 이용하는 것이 적절한지에 대한 논의에 기여할 수있다.

Abstract

The reconstruction of activity and of work patterns has been approached by examinations of activityrelated skeletal markers. Among several different methods, in particular, a number of anthropologists have widely applied the patterns of enthesopathies and degenerative joint disease in studies of past activity. The purpose of this study is to better understand and use these indicators in reconstructing the levels of physical activities of past populations. This review will provide information on the most recent anthropological research on the behavioral interpretation on degenerative joint disease and enthesopathies, to better use these indicators in understanding past populations. There are obvious limitations in using these markers, and it is necessary to consider them. Firstly, it is uncertain as to whether there are certain activities that are performed repetitively throughout their lives of those who lived in past civilizations. A second limitation involves the etiology of skeletal markers related to mechanical stress. There are multiple-factors, including genetic predisposition, sex, the aging process, and diet that may affect the way people practice a specific activity. Accordingly, this makes it difficult to evaluate the underlying etiological factors and their roles in activity-related skeletal changes. In conclusion, to circumvent these limitations, the use of multiple skeletal markers together in studies of the activities of past populations may enable to more reliable interpretations. However, to ensure more reliable interpretations,the validity of such combinations of makers should be challenged. Therefore, more work on the validity of activity-related markers is needed to clarify the activities that are responsible for the development in life of the features observable in skeletal populations. This type of research can contribute to the discussion of the use of activity-related skeletal markers in studies of behavioral interpretations with more certainty regarding which morphological characteristics are responses to physical activity and mechanical loading as the pathogenesis of such characteristics.

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