835 MHz 전자파에 노출된 생쥐에서 자발운동, 코르티코스테론 및 사이토카인의 변화
Alterations in Spontaneous Movement, Corticosterone, and Cytokines in Mice Exposed to 835 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation
1
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
휴대전화 상용화에 따라 전자파가 인체에 미치는 영향에 대한 우려와 관심은 높아졌지만, 전자파가 생체 항상성과 면역반응에 미치는 영향에 분석한 연구는 아직도 많이 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전자파 노출이 운동량과 혈중 사이토카인의 농도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 생쥐를 이용하여 분석하였다. 생쥐는 정상군(n=5), 자발운동군 (n=5), 전자파 노출군 (n=5), 전자파 노출 및 자발운동군 (n=5)으로 나누어 10주간 체중 변화와코르티코스테론 및 혈중 사이토카인의 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 자발운동군은 유의한 수준의 체중 변화가 관찰되지 않았으나, 매일 6시간씩 835 MHz의 전자파에 노출 후 자발운동을 하였던 전자파 노출 및 자발운동군에서는 체중이 증가하였다. 이 두 군을 대상으로 10주간 진행된 운동량 측정에서는 자발운동군의 운동량은 시간이 지남에 따라점차 증가한 반면, 전자파 노출 및 자발운동군은 운동량이 점차 감소하였다. 몸의 항상성 유지와 관련된 호르몬 및사이토카인의 혈중 농도 분석에서는, 전자파 노출군은 정상군에 비하여 유의한 농도 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 자발운동군에서는 정상군에 비하여 IL-6, IL-12 (p70), TNF-α의 혈중 농도가 증가하였으나, 전자파 노출 및 자발운동군에서이 사이토카인들은 정상군에 비하여 낮은 농도로 관찰되었다. 코르티코스테론, IL-1β, IFNγ 및 GM-CSF의 혈중 농도는 모든 군에서 유의할 만한 변화가 없었다. 이 연구를 통하여 835 MHz 전자파는 실험동물의 체중, 자발운동, 그리고특정 사이토카인에 대한 혈중 농도에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다.
Abstract
Although commercialization of mobile phones has raised much concerns about the effects of radiofrequency radiation on the human body, few experimental studies have been conducted on the effects of radiofrequency radiation on physiological homeostasis, immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, we presently investigated the effect of 835 MHz radiofrequency radiation on spontaneous wheel exercise, hormone and cytokines levels in the plasm of mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups as control, exercise, radiofrequency radiation, radiofrequency radiation & exercise group. The body weight, corticosterone and blood cytokine levels were checked for 10 weeks. Followed by the exposure to radiofrequency radiation for 6 hours a day, the more increase in body weight was observed in the radiofrequency radiation & exercise group than in the spontaneous exercise group. When the amount of spontaneous exercise was measured for 10 weeks, the amount of exercise was increased in the both control and spontaneous exercise group, while the amount of exercise was decreased in the radiofrequency radiation group. To determine whether the homeostasis, immune and inflammatory responses are indirectly affected by radiofrequency radiation exposure, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 (p70), TNF-α, IFNγ, and GM-CSF were measured by ELISA kit, respectively. As a result, the blood levels of IL-6, IL-12 (p70) and TNF-α in the spontaneous exercise group were higher than that of control group, and each cytokine levels in the radiofrequency radiation & exercise group were lower than that of control group. However, the corticosterone, IL- 1β, IFNγ and GM-CSF didn’t show statistically significant differences in all groups. It has been confirmed that exposure to high frequency electromagnetic waves for a long time can affect the amount of exercise, body weight, and some inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12 (p70) and TNF-α.
참고문헌 (31)
- 황진옥, "무선정보통신기술의 의료과학 환경 적용현황 분석", 한국정보통신학회논문지, 19(9), pp.2100~2106 (2015), 한국정보통신학회[DOI]
- Bang I, "Research Trends in Wireless Communication in Airplanes and Application to Military Communications", J Korea Inst Inf Commun, 33, pp.50~57 (2016)
- Park WY, "Study of biological effects by electromagnetic waves through genome research", Electromagnet Wave Tech, 17, pp.32~38 (2006)
- Inskip PD, "Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors", N Engl J Med, 344, pp.79~86 (2001)[DOI]
- Curcio G, "Is the brain influenced by a phone call? An EEG study of resting wakefulness", Neurosci Res, 53, pp.265~270 (2005)[DOI]
- Huber R, "Exposure to pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow", Eur J Neurosci, 21, pp.1000~1006 (2005)[DOI]
- Maskey D, "Effect of 835 MHz radiofrequency radiation exposure on calcium binding proteins in the hippocampus of the mouse brain", Brain Res, 1313, pp.232~241 (2010)[DOI]
- Maskey D, "Chronic 835-MHz radiofrequency exposure to mice hippocampus alters the distribution of calbindin and GFAP immunoreactivity", Brain Res, 1346, pp.237~246 (2010)[DOI]
- Maskey D, "Calcium-binding proteins and GFAP immunoreactivity alterations in murine hippocampus after 1 month of exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 and 4.0 W", kg, 2012, pp.506, 292~296
- Maskey D, "Immunohistochemical localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the superior olivary complex of mice after radiofrequency exposure", Neurosci Lett, 564, pp.78~82 (2014)[DOI]
- Zook BC, "The effects of pulsed 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the promotion of neurogenic tumors in rats", Radiat Res, 165, pp.608~615 (2006)[DOI]
- Boscol P, "Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations on the immune system of women", Sci Total Environ, 273, pp.1~10 (2001)[DOI]
- Bortkiewicz A, "Ambulatory ECG monitoring in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields", J Med Eng Technol, 21, pp.41~46 (1997)[DOI]
- Gould E, "Adrenal hormones suppress cell division in the adult rat dentate gyrus", J Neurosci, 12, pp.3642~3650 (1992)[DOI]
- Gould E, "Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, pp.3168~3171 (1998)[DOI]
- Ernst C, "Antidepressant effects of exercise: evidence for an adult-neurogenesis hypothesis", J Psychiatry Neurosci, 31, pp.84~92 (2006)
- Yau SY, "Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: a possible way how physical exercise counteracts stress", Cell Transplant, 20, pp.99~111 (2011)[DOI]
- van Praag H, "Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, pp.13427~13431 (1999)[DOI]
- van Praag H, "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus", Nat Neurosci, 2, pp.266~270 (1999)[DOI]
- Yau SY, "Hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic plasticity support running-improved spatial learning and depression-like behaviour in stressed rats", PLoS One, 6, pp.e24263~ (2011)[DOI]
- Hare BD, "Exercise-associated changes in the corticosterone response to acute restraint stress: evidence for increased adrenal sensitivity and reduced corticosterone response duration", Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, pp.1262~1269 (2014)[DOI]
- Jin YB, "One-year, simultaneous combined exposure of CDMA and WCDMA radiofrequency electromagnetic fields to rats", Int J Radiat Biol, 87, pp.416~423 (2011)[DOI]
- Suzuki K, "Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics", Exerc Immunol Rev, 8, pp.6~48 (2002)
- Steensberg A, "IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans", Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 285, pp.E433~E437 (2003)[DOI]
- Pedersen BK, "Muscle-derived interleukin-6: possible biological effects", J Physiol, 536, pp.329~337 (2001)[DOI]
- Petersen AM, "The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise", J Appl Physiol, 98, pp.1154~1162 (2005)[DOI]
- Brandt C, "The role of exercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases", J Biomed Biotechnol, 2010, pp.520258~ (2010)
- Peake JM, "Cytokine expression and secretion by skeletal muscle cells: regulatory mechanisms and exercise effects", Exerc Immunol Rev, 21, pp.8~25 (2015)
- Visser M, "Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study", J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 57, pp.M326~M332 (2002)[DOI]
- Alireza Zamani, "Moderate Exercise Enhances the Production of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-12 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells", Immune Network, 17(3), pp.186~191 (2017), 대한면역학회[DOI]
- Dienz O, "The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses", Clin Immunol, 130, pp.27~33 (2009)[DOI]