기하학적 형태계측학을 이용한 조선시대 머리뼈 형태의 변이양상 연구
The Study of Cranial Shape Variation in a Population from Joseon Dynasty using Geometric Morphometrics
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초록
전통적인 형태계측학에서는 머리뼈지수, 위얼굴지수와 같은 측정치들의 비율을 이용하여 머리뼈의 형태를 분석한다. 그런데 이러한 비율들은 좌표 정보가 아니기 때문에 이 정보들만으로는 3차원 공간에서 전체의형태를 구현할 수 없다. 이러한 맥락에서 전통적인 형태계측학으로는 머리뼈를 구성하는 각 부위의 형태들이갖는 유기적인 관계들을 종합적으로 파악하는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 전통적인 형태계측학의한계를 극복하기 위해 기하학적 형태계측학을 이용하여, 조선시대 집단의 머리뼈 형태에서 나타나는 변이의 양상들을 분석하고 그 특징을 검토하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 15세기에서 20세기 초반에 해당하는 서울∙경기 지역의 고고학 유적들에서 출토된 조선시대 사람뼈 57개체를 대상으로 하였다. 머리뼈 형태에 대한 좌표는 MicroScribe G2X (Immersion Corporation, USA)를 이용하여 수집하였으며 주성분 분석을 실시하여 머리뼈 부위의 형태 변화를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 여성은 머리뼈 너비 및 길이, 정수리점 위치, 머리뼈뒤면 형태, 얼굴뼈 길이에서, 남성은 머리뼈 길이, 너비, 높이, 꼭지돌기 크기, 얼굴뼈 길이에서 집단 내 변이가 가장 크게 나타났다. 그리고 집단 전체의 머리뼈길이가 짧아지는 동시에 너비는 넓어졌다. 하지만 이러한 변화와 함께 발생하는 머리뼈 높이와 얼굴뼈 길이의변화 양상 및 상대성장과의 유사성은 성별에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 이 연구에서 제시된 조선시대 머리뼈 형태에 변이를 일으키는 주요 부위들과 그에 따른 변이 패턴은 향후 한국인의 머리뼈 형태 연구를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Traditional morphometrics uses ratios between measured values such as the cranial index and theupper facial index. However, with these ratios alone, it is impossible to represent the shape of the entire craniumin a three-dimensional space because ratio does not express coordinate data. This methodological limitation oftraditional morphometrics makes it difficult to evaluate relations between cranial parts. However, it is importantto assess relations between cranial parts because cranial parts change their shapes in an integrated way. Therefore,this study adopted geometric morphometrics to overcome the limitations of traditional morphometrics and providea more enhanced visual analysis of the cranial shape. Using geometric morphometrics, this study focused onvariations of cranial shapes in a population from Joseon Dynasty to obtain their specific characteristics. This study investigated variations of cranial shapes in 57 individuals from Seoul∙Gyeonggi province who livedin the 15th to the early 20th centuries. The coordinates of the crania were collected by MicroScribe G2X (ImmersionCorporation, USA) and statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. The results showed that the variations in cranial shapes of females were reflected mostly in width, length ofcranium, position of bregma, shape of posterior part of cranium, and length of facial bone. The cranial shapes ofthe males varied mostly in length, width, height of cranium, size of mastoid process, and length of facial bones. The cranial length became shorter when the cranial width became broader in both sexes. However, cranial heightand facial length showed different variations between the two sexes. In addition, the variation in females onlyshowed evidence of static allometry. The results of this research provide basic information about cranial shapes in a population from Joseon Dynastyand will be useful in future studies such as analysis on between-group differences. By identifying within-groupvariations first, researchers focusing on between-group differences will likely avoid erroneous conclusions.
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