유스투스 립시우스의 『항심(恒心)에 대하여』에 나타난 신스토아주의
Neostoic Ideas in Justus Lipsius’ On Constancy
0
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
On Constancy (De constantia) by Justus Lipsius, a Flemish philologist, philosopher and humanist, is the first restatement of classical Stoicism from a Christian point of view in Renaissance. This work influenced a number of contemporary intellectuals, inspiring the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. His ideas were possibly first introduced into the English literary coterie by Sir Philip Sidney, and might have had a considerable influence on the Elizabethan and Jacobean writers. Swayed by the religious wars and other turmoils of his time, Lipsius attempts in On Constancy to revive ancient Stoicism as a practical philosophy and, especially, as a practical antidote to public evils. His remedy for public evils is not an escape from them but the virtue of constancy, which is ‘a right and immovable strength of the mind, neither elated nor depressed by external or chance events.’ By cultivating reason one can attain constancy. The enemies of constancy are opinion, dissimulation and excessive patriotism, which are products of false judgments and affections. The causes of all evils are, according to Lipsius, God, Necessity, and Fate/Destiny. All public evils form parts of God’s plan, namely Providence, for our profits. They can also come from Necessity and Destiny, and yet these causes are working within the providential scheme of God for our sake. At this point of his arguments, Lipsius carefully distances himself from heretical Stoic materialism and determinism and modifies the Stoic doctrine in four points. He subjects Fate to God, not God to Fate, acknowledges miracles, contingency and more importantly human free will. Although later in the seventeenth century, Lipsius was denounced as an atheist because of determinism and materialism in Stoicism, his syncretic endeavors had been a great source of inspiration and consolation in the troubled time.
Abstract
On Constancy (De constantia) by Justus Lipsius, a Flemish philologist, philosopher and humanist, is the first restatement of classical Stoicism from a Christian point of view in Renaissance. This work influenced a number of contemporary intellectuals, inspiring the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. His ideas were possibly first introduced into the English literary coterie by Sir Philip Sidney, and might have had a considerable influence on the Elizabethan and Jacobean writers. Swayed by the religious wars and other turmoils of his time, Lipsius attempts in On Constancy to revive ancient Stoicism as a practical philosophy and, especially, as a practical antidote to public evils. His remedy for public evils is not an escape from them but the virtue of constancy, which is ‘a right and immovable strength of the mind, neither elated nor depressed by external or chance events.’ By cultivating reason one can attain constancy. The enemies of constancy are opinion, dissimulation and excessive patriotism, which are products of false judgments and affections. The causes of all evils are, according to Lipsius, God, Necessity, and Fate/Destiny. All public evils form parts of God’s plan, namely Providence, for our profits. They can also come from Necessity and Destiny, and yet these causes are working within the providential scheme of God for our sake. At this point of his arguments, Lipsius carefully distances himself from heretical Stoic materialism and determinism and modifies the Stoic doctrine in four points. He subjects Fate to God, not God to Fate, acknowledges miracles, contingency and more importantly human free will. Although later in the seventeenth century, Lipsius was denounced as an atheist because of determinism and materialism in Stoicism, his syncretic endeavors had been a great source of inspiration and consolation in the troubled time.
참고문헌 (25)
- Anderton, Basil, "Sketches from a Library Window" (1922), W. Heffer & Sons
- Borchert, Donald M, "Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2nd ed" (2006), Macmillan
- Braden, Gordon, "Renaissance Tragedy and the Senecan Tradition: Anger’s Privilege" (1985), Yale UP
- Bromham, A. A, "‘Have you read Lipsius?’: Thomas Middleton and Stoicism", English Studies, 5, pp.401~421 (1996)
- Brooke, Christopher, "Stoicism and Anti-Stoicism in the Seventeenth Century. Grotiana (New Series) 22", 23(2001, Grotiana (New Series), pp.2001 (2002), 22(23)[DOI]
- Edelstein,Ludwig, "The Meaning of Stoicism" (1966), Harvard UP
- Enenkel, Karl, "Lipsius in Leiden: Studies in the Life and Works of a Great Humanist on the Occasion of His 450th Anniversary" (1997), Florivallis
- Ettinghausen, Henry, "Neo-Stoicism in Pictures: Lipsius and the Engraved Title-Page and Portrait in Quevedo’s ‘Epicteto y Phocilides.’", The Modern Language Review, 66, pp.94~100 (1971)
- Evans, Robert, "Jonson,Lipsius and the Politics of Renaissance Stoicism" (1992), Longwood Academic
- Ford, Philip, J, "Justus Lipsius and Sir Philip Sidney", Bulletin de L’Institut Historique Belge ed Rome, 68, pp.121~136 (1998)
- Grafton, Anthony, "Reappraisal: Portrait of Justus Lipsius", The American Scholar, pp.382~390 (1987)
- Halsted, David, "Distance, Dissolution and Neo-Stoic Ideas: History and Self-definition in Lipsius", Humanistica Lovaniensia, 40, pp.262~274 (1991)
- Kraye, Jill, "Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts. Vol. 1: Moral Philosophy" (1997), Cambridge UP
- McCrea, Adriana, "Constant Minds: Political Virtue and the Lipsian Paradigm in England, 1584-1650" (1997), U of Toronto P
- Monsarrat, Giles D, "Light from the Porch: Stoicism and English Renaissance Literature" (1984), Didier-Érudition
- Morford, Mark, "Stoics and Neostoics: Rubens and the Circle of Lipsius" (1991), Princeton UP
- Mout, Nicolette, "‘Which tyrant curtails my free mind?’: Lipsius and the reception of De constantia. Lipsius in Leiden", pp.123~140 (1997), Forivallis
- Oestreich, Gerhard, "Neostoicism and the Early Modern State" (1982), Cambridge UP
- Papy, Jan, "Lipsius’ (Neo-)Stoicism: Constancy Between Christian Faith and Stoic Virtue", Grotiana (New Series), 22(23), pp.47~72 (2001)
- Papy, Jan, "Learned, Wise and Good Justus Lipsius: Portrait of a Humanist Scholar", The Low Countries 6, pp.149~154 (1998)
- Saunders, Jason Lewis, "Justus Lipsius: The Philosophy of Renaissance Stoicism" (1955), Liberal Arts Press
- Sellars, John, "Justus Lipsius. On Constancy. De Constantia" (2006), Phoenix Press
- Sellars,John, "Stoicism" (2006), U of California P
- Shifflett, Andrew, "Stoicism, Politics, and Literature in the Age of Milton: War and Peace Reconciled" (1998), Cambridge UP
- Van Dorsten, "Poet, Patrons, and Professors: An Outline of Some Literary Connexions between England and the University of Leiden 1575-1586" (1962), Universitaire Pers Leiden