복지국가 재편의 경로의존성 : 공적연금 제도구조와 급여관대성 및 지출수준에 관한 비교연구
Pension Structure, Benefit Generosity and Pension Spending in the Retrenchment Period of Welfare States
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이 연구는 복지국가 재편기에 공적연금의 급여 관대성과 지출의 변화추이 및 결정요인을 밝히고자 하였다. 특히 공적연금 제도에서의 경로의존성을 밝힌 방대한 질적 연구들의 심층적 논의를 계량적 비교국가연구의 흐름에 통합하여 공적연금제도의 변화에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로서 공적연금제도의 구조(structure)에 주목하였다. 한편, 복지국가 발달을 설명했던 산업화 이론과 권력자원 이론이 복지국가 재편기 공적연금정책의 변화를 설명하는데에도 유용한가를 검증하고자 하였다. 1980-2007년까지 서구 복지국가 13개국을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공적연금제도의 구조에 따라 연금급여 관대성과 지출수준에 상이한 변화 추이가 확인되었다. 둘째, 결합시계열 회귀분석 결과, 연금구조는 제도 관대성과 지출에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 요인임이 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 고령화의 영향력은 연금급여 관대성을 통제한 상태에서도 유의미하게 나타나, 고령화가 연금지출을 증가시키는 요인으로 나타났다. 다만 신사회적 위험 정도가 높을수록 노인에 대한 현금지출 집중도는 낮아졌다. 넷째, 권력자원 이론은 재편기의 연금정책 국면에서는 설명력이 통계적으로 입증되지 않았다.
Abstract
This study investigated changes and determinants of public pension generosity and pension spending in welfare states during the last retrenchment period. Path-dependency thesis, industrialization theory and power resources model were examined with the twelve welfare states from 1980 to 2007. The main results are as follows. First, the developments of benefit generosity and pension spending have been differently presented according to pension structure. Second, the cross-national pooled-time series analysis confirmed that pension structure is the most significant factors to determine the level of benefit generosity and pension spending. Third, the positive effect of population ageing on pension spendings were proved even without any changes of pension generosity. New social risks, however, have restrained the pension spending. Fourth, the power of the left party and labor union did not affect the pension policy, which implies that power resources theory cannot explain the development of pension policy in this retrenchment period.
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