체성분도표를 이용한 남자 엘리트 운동선수와 성인의 체구성과 체질량지수의 위계적 차이
Hierarchical differences of body composition and body mass index between male elite athletes and young adults using body composition chart
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비만과 관련된 연구나 현장에서는 체지방 측정을 대신하여 체질량지수(BMI)가 지방을 나타내는 지수로 많이 활용되고 있다. 그러나 체질량지수는 체지방뿐만 아니라 제지방과도 비례적인 관계가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 체성분 도표를 활용하여 신체활동 수준이 다른 성인들의 체질량지수에 따른 체성분 분포를 확인하고 체성분 도표의 활용가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 18～23세의 규칙적인 신체활동을 하지 않는 일반성인 184명과 선수 경력이 6년이상인 운동선수 144명, 전체 328명의 성인 남자를 대상으로 하였다. 신장과 체중을 측정하여 체질량지수를 얻었으며, DXA(dual X-ray energy absorbtiometry)를 이용하여 체지방, 제지방 등의 신체구성 성분을 측정하였다. 집단간 신체구성의 차이는 독립 t-검증을 실시하였으며, 체성분도표의 두 집단에 대한 체지방률의 분포에 대한 차이는 Fisher’s Exact Test를 이용하여 검증하였다. 연구 결과 동일한 연령의 두 집단에 대한 인체계측과 신체구성에 대한 결과는 모두 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일반성인은 동일한 연령대의 운동선수 보다 체질량지수가 유의하게 낮았으나, 실제 지방량을 나타내는 변인인 체지방량(FM), 체지방지수(FMI), 그리고 체지방률(PBF)이 모두 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.01). 또한 체질량지수를 동등하게 한 후 운동선수와 일반인의 체성분을 분석한 결과에서 체지방률, 체지방, 제지방, 체지방지수, 제지방지수 모두 유의하게 차이가 있는 것을 통계적으로 확인할 수 있었으며, 신체구성 도표에서 체질량지수, 체지방률, 체지방지수, 제질량지수의 분포를 탐색적으로 유용하게 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
The quantitative fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (PBF) have been separately used for body composition status, although the optimal physical performance of athletes needs not only an amount of FM and PBF but also an amount of FFM. Profiles of body composition for elite athletes have not been discussed. To show body components visually as a quantitative measure, a chart based on the fat-free mass index (FFMI, FFM/height square) and fat mass index (FMI; FM/height square) can be applied to investigate the nature of body composition profiles with physical training and sport events. Therefore, this study is aimed to address visual profiles athlete’s body composition on a graphical chart called the body composition chart. A sample of 328 subjects (144 elite athletes, 184 control) aged 18 - 39 years was studied to determine body composition by DXA. Among the body components, FFMI and FMI were put on an x- and y-axis in a body composition chart, where FMI, FFMI, PBF, and BMI (= FMI + FFMI) were visually analyzed together. As a result, there were significant differences between male athletes and male controls in FFM, FM, FFMI, FMI, and BMI (p<0.001) even though the body weights between the two groups were alike (p=0.562). All of the body components of athletes were different from them of controls (p<0.01). In the body composition chart, body components were separately distributed by level of physical activity. The migration of body components from athletes and age-sex-BMI-matched controls can be expressed distinguishing all body components including FFMI, FMI, and PBF vividly and quantitatively. The findings of this study show the distribution of FFM and FM are characteristically delineated on the body composition chart, demonstrating clear exercise-induced body-component differences. The body composition chart can vividly evaluate the profiles of body composition for elite athletes.
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