트랜스젠더 및 젠더 논바이너리(TGNB)의 차별 경험에 관한 합의적 질적 연구
A Consensual Qualitative Study on the Discrimination Experience of Transgender and Gender Non-Binary (TGNB)
1
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구의 목적은 한국사회 내 트랜스젠더 및 젠더 논바이너리(Transgender and Gender Non-Binary; TGNB)인 사람들의 심리 내․외적 차별 경험을 탐색하는 데 있다. 한국에 거주하고 한국어로 소통이 가능한 만 19세 이상 TGNB 15명을 대상으로 인터뷰를 하고, 그 내용을 4명의 연구자가 합의적 질적연구 방법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 3개의 영역(차별 경험, 차별 경험의 영향, 원하는 변화), 9개의 범주와 25개의 하위범주가 도출되었으며 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 참여자들이 경험한 차별은 원가족, 연인, 친구, 교사, 이웃 등의 관계와 학교와 직장 등 여러 일상적 공간에서 벌어졌다. 둘째, 이러한 차별들은 참여자들의 인지, 정서, 행동에 부정적인 영향을 주었는데, 두려움, 화남, 우울함, 소외감 등이 보고되었다. 하지만, 참여자들은 비판적 의식을 갖고 차별에 적극적으로 대처하는 행동들도 보였다. 셋째, 참여자들은 성소수자 포함 사회적 소수자에 대한 이해 및 다양성이 존중되는 사회적 분위기 형성에 대한 기대를 표현했다. 본 연구는 상담사가 TGNB가 겪는 차별이 이들을 둘러싼 사회구조적인 체계로 인해 발생함을 이해하고, TGNB 내담자를 만났을 때 사회정의옹호철학에 기반한 적극적인 개입의 방향을 제안하였다는 데 주요 의의가 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the discrimination experiences of transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB). We interviewed fifteen TGNB over the age of 19 living in Korea, and the interviews were analyzed using the Consensus Qualitative Research methodology. As a result, three areas (experience of discrimination, influence of discrimination experience, expected change), nine categories, and 25 sub-categories were derived. First, participants experienced discrimination in their relationships with family, lovers, friends, teachers, and neighbors, as well as in various everyday spaces such as schools and work-places. Second, discrimination had a negative effect on cognition, emotion, and behavior, such as fear, anger, depression, and alienation. However, they also demonstrated a critical awareness and an active coping response to discrimination. Third, they anticipated a shift toward a more inclusive society. This study shows that discrimination experiences of TGNB is caused by structural systems and suggests how counselors can advocate for TGNB clients based on social justice perspectives.
참고문헌 (96)
- 트랜스젠더 혐오차별 실태조사, "국가인권위원회", NHRC, ~, pp.11-1620000-000795-01 (2020)
- 2021년 정신건강실태조사 보고서, "국립정신건강센터", 보건복지부, ~ (2021)
- "숙대 트랜스젠더 합격생 결국 입학 포기 “신상유출 등 무서움 컸다”" (2020)[URL]
- 김민선, "이공계 여성 대학원생의 진로선택과 대학원 경험에 관한 질적 연구", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 28(1), pp.191~216 (2016), 한국상담심리학회
- 김수진, "학교 성교육 다시 쓰기 : 학교 성교육 실태 및 인식조사 분석을 통한 성교육 제언", 교육비평, (46), pp.147~177 (2020)
- 김은하, "중․고등학교 교사의 권위주의 성향, 전통적 성역할 태도 및 정서적 공감이 동성애공포에 미치는 영향: 조절된 매개효과 분석", 한국심리학회지:학교, 13(3), pp.431~453 (2016), 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회[DOI]
- "청소년 트랜스젠더 5명 중 1명, 낙인 찍은 학교 떠났다" (2021)[URL]
- "미국, 여권에 제3의 성 ‘X’ 공식 도입" (2022)[URL]
- 남궁미, "성소수자에 관한 국내 연구 동향", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(3), pp.1469~1498 (2020), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
- "프라이드먼스 기념 성 관련 용어정리" (2022), 레인보우플래그[URL]
- "얼마나 더 목숨을 잃어야 혐오 멈출까…한 달 새 3명 숨졌다" (2021)[URL]
- 박정은, "트랜스젠더와 젠더비순응 내담자의 상담 경험", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(3), pp.1499~1526 (2020), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
- "서울대 의대 ‘성소수자 의료’ 수업 첫 개설...그들의 눈물 닦아줄까" (2021)[URL]
- 박한희, "트랜스젠더 트랜지션 의료의 건강보험 보장에 대한 소고", 공익과 인권, 18, pp.191~235 (2018)
- 박한희, "트랜스젠더의 법적 성별정정제도에 대한 입법적 제안", 인권과 정의, (498), pp.41~60 (2021), 대한변호사협회[DOI]
- 손인서, "트랜스젠더의 젠더정체성 구성: 커뮤니티 동학과 젠더이분법의 재생산", 경제와 사회, (120), pp.198~228 (2018), 비판사회학회[DOI]
- 손인서, "한국의 차별경험과 건강 연구에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰", 보건사회연구, 35(1), pp.26~57 (2015), 한국보건사회연구원[DOI]
- 손인서, "트랜스젠더의 의료적 트랜지션과 의료서비스 이용: 사회적 낙인과 의료적 주변화", 한국사회학, 51(2), pp.155~189 (2017), 한국사회학회
- "대형병원에 ‘트랜스젠더 클리닉’…“산부인과에 맘 편히 갈 수 있어요”" (2021)[URL]
- 이승택, "트랜스젠더와 차별금지", 한양법학, 31(4), pp.227~250 (2020), 한양법학회
- "서울 학생인권종합계획, 처음으로 ‘성소수자 학생’ 명시해 지원" (2021)[URL]
- 이주영, "한국 상담자의 LGBT 내담자 상담역량 척도 개발 및 타당화", 상담학연구, 21(2), pp.339~359 (2020), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 이호림, "한국 트랜스젠더 의료접근성에 대한 시론", 보건사회연구, 35(4), pp.64~94 (2015), 한국보건사회연구원[DOI]
- 이현지, "한국형 트랜스젠더에 대한 태도 및 믿음 척도(K-TABS) 타당화 연구", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 33(3), pp.1077~1108 (2021), 한국상담심리학회
- 이혜민, "한국 성소수자 건강 연구: 체계적 문헌고찰", 보건과 사회과학, (36), pp.43~79 (2014), 한국보건사회학회
- 주재홍, "한국의 청소년 성소수자들로부터 알게 된 그들의 삶의 이야기들: 질적 사례 연구", 교육문화연구, 23(1), pp.175~215 (2017), 교육연구소[DOI]
- Competencies for counseling with transgender clients, "American Counseling Association.", American Counseling Association, ~ (2009)
- American Psychological Association, "Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people", American Psychologist, 70(9), pp.832~864 (2015)
- Bidell, M. P., "The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Development of clinical skills scale(LGBT-DOCSS) : Establishing a New Interdisciplinary Self-Assessment for Health Providers", Journal of Homosexuality, 64(10), pp.1432~1460 (2017)
- Bockting, W. O., "Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population", American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), pp.943~951 (2013)
- Bradford, J., "Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health : Results from the virginia transgender health initiative study", American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), pp.1820~1829 (2013)
- Budge, S. L., "Longitudinal effects of psychotherapy with transgender and nonbinary clients : A randomized controlled pilot trial", Psychotherapy, 58(1), pp.1~11 (2021)
- Budge, S. L., "The work experiences of transgender individuals : Negotiating the transition and career decision-making processes", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), pp.377~393 (2010)
- Byne, W., "Gender dysphoria in adults : An overview and primer for psychiatrists", Transgender Health, 3(1), pp.57~70 (2018)
- Carroll, L., "Counseling transgendered, transsexual, and gender-variant clients", Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), pp.131~139 (2002)
- Clements-Nolle, K., "Attempted suicide among transgender persons : The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization", Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), pp.53~69 (2006)
- Collins, K. S., "US minority health: A chartbook" (1999), The Common wealth fund
- Crawford, C., "Sociocultural issues in psychiatry: A casebook and curriculum", pp.103~126 (2019), Oxford University Press
- Diemer, M. A., "Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of critical consciousness", The Urban Review, 47(5), pp.809~823 (2015)
- Dispenza, F., "Experience of career related discrimination for female-to-male transgender persons : A qualitative study", The Career Development Quarterly, 60(1), pp.65~81 (2012)
- Dorsen, C., "What does gender affirmation mean to you? An exploratory study", Nursing Forum(Hillsdale), 57(1), pp.34~41 (2022)
- DuBois, L. Z., "Stigma and diurnal cortisol among transitioning transgender men", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 82, pp.59~66 (2017)
- "Annual report 2017" (2017)[URL]
- Fields, E., "The intersection of sociocultural factors and health-related behavior in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth : experiences among young black gay males as an example", Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), pp.1091~1106 (2016)
- Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., "Physical and mental health of transgender older adults : An at-risk and underserved population", The Gerontologist, 54(3), pp.488~500 (2014)
- Freire, P., "Education for critical consciousness" (1973), Continuum
- Galupo, M. P., "Transgender microaggressions in the context of friendship : Patterns of experience across friends’ sexual orientation and gender identity", Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), pp.461~470 (2014)
- Galupo, M. P., "Disclosure of transgender identity and status in the context of friendship", Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 8(1), pp.25~42 (2014)
- Galupo, M. P., ""Every time I get gendered male, I feel a pain in my chest" : Understanding the social context for gender dysphoria", Stigma and Health, 5(2), pp.199~208 (2020)
- Gamarel, K. E., "Stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating and romantic relationships: Implications for gender-based violence prevention programs", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), pp.NP8161~NP8189 (2022)
- Goldblum, P., "The relationship between gender-based victimization and suicide attempts in transgender people", Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 43(5), pp.468~475 (2012)
- Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey, "Grant, J. M.", National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, ~ (2011)
- Hatchel, T., "Minority stress among transgender adolescents : The role of peer victimization, school belonging, and ethnicity", Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), pp.2467~2476 (2019)
- Hill, C. E., "Consensual qualitative research : An update", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), pp.196~205 (2005)
- Hill, C. E., "A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research", The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), pp.517~572 (1997)
- Hughto, J. M. W., "Transgender stigma and health : A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions", Social Science & Medicine, 147, pp.222~231 (2015)
- The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey, "James, S. E.", National Center for Transgender Equality, ~ (2015)
- Kimmel, D., "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging: Research and clinical perspectives", pp.1~19 (2006), Columbia University Press
- The 2009 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools, "Kosciw, J. G.", GLSEN, ~ (2009)
- Koziara, K., "Exploring health and transition-related needs in Polish transgender and non-binary individuals", The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18(6), pp.1110~1121 (2021)
- Lampe, T. M., "Navigating stigma in neighborhoods and public spaces among transgender and nonbinary adults in New York City", Stigma and Health, 5(4), pp.477~487 (2020)
- Lazarus, R. S., "Stress, appraisal, and coping" (1984), Springer publishing company
- Lefevor, G. T., "Health disparities between genderqueer, transgender, and cisgender individuals : An extension of minority stress theory", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(4), pp.385~395 (2019)
- Lombardi, E., "Varieties of transgender", transsexual lives and their relationship with transphobia, 2009, pp.56(8), 977~992
- Matsuno, E., "Non-binary", genderqueer identities : A critical review of the literature, 2017, pp.9(3), 116~120
- McCullough, R., "The counseling experiences of transgender and gender nonconforming clients", Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(4), pp.423~434 (2017)
- Meyer, I. H., "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations : conceptual issues and research evidence", Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), pp.674~697 (2003)
- Mufioz-Plaza, C., "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender students : Perceived social support in the high school environment", The High School Journal, 85(4), pp.52~63 (2002)
- Nadal, K. L., "Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions to microaggressions : Transgender perspectives", Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(1), pp.72~81 (2014)
- Nadal, K. L., "Interpersonal and systemic microaggressions toward transgender people : Implications for counseling", Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6(1), pp.55~82 (2012)
- Persson, D. I., "Unique challenges of transgender aging : Implications from the literature", Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 52(6), pp.633~646 (2009)
- Phillips, J. C., "Handbook of sexual orientation and gender diversity in counseling and psychotherapy", pp.365~386 (2017), American Psychological Association
- Rankin, S., "Beyond a binary : The lives of gender-nonconforming youth", About Campus, 17(4), pp.2~10 (2012)
- Rood, B. A., "Identity concealment in transgender adults : A qualitative assessment of minority stress and gender affirmation", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), pp.704~713 (2017)
- Rood, B. A., "Internalized transphobia : Exploring perceptions of social messages in transgender and gender-nonconforming adults", The International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), pp.411~426 (2017)
- Scheim, A., "Avoidance of public spaces by trans Ontarians : The impact of transphobia on daily life", Trans PULSE e-Bulletin, 4 (2014)
- Counselor competence gender identity scale: Measuring clinical bias, knowledge, and skills, "Simons, J.", ~ (2021)
- Snow, A., "Barriers to mental health care for transgender and gender-nonconforming adults : A systematic literature review", Health & Social Work, 44(3), pp.149~155 (2019)
- Solness, C. L., "Queering group therapy : A phenomenological participatory design with transgender and nonbinary individuals", Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 53(3), pp.215~224 (2022)
- Sperber, J., "Access to health care for transgendered persons: Results of a needs assessment in Boston", International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2-3), pp.75~91 (2005)
- Sterzing, P. R., "Social ecological correlates of polyvictimization among a national sample of transgender, genderqueer, and cisgender sexual minority adolescents", Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, pp.1~12 (2017)
- Su, D., "Mental health disparities within the LGBT population : A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals", Transgender Health, 1(1), pp.12~20 (2016)
- Taliaferro, L. A., "Risk and protective factors for self-harm in a populationbased sample of transgender youth", Archives of Suicide Research, 23(2), pp.203~221 (2019)
- Tankersley, A. P., "Risk and resilience factors for mental health among transgender and gender nonconforming(TGNC)youth : A systematic review", Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(2), pp.183~206 (2021)
- Taylor, W., "How to create a transgender- inclusive workplace" (2016), Employee Benefit News
- Testa, R. J., "Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure", Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), pp.65~77 (2015)
- "Trans rights Europe & Central Asia map & index 2019" (2019)[URL]
- State of transgender California, "Transgender Law Center", Transgender Law Center, ~ (2009)
- Truszczynski, N., "The discrimination experiences and coping responses of non-binary and trans people", Journal of Homosexuality, 69(4), pp.741~755 (2022)
- Valentine, S. E., "A systematic review of social stress and mental health among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States", Clinical Psychology Review, 66, pp.24~38 (2018)
- Verbeek, M. J., "Experiences with stigmatization among transgender individuals after transition : A qualitative study in the Netherlands", International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(2), pp.220~233 (2020)
- von Doussa, H., "Family matters; transgender and gender diverse peoples’s experience with family when they transition", Journal of Family Studies, 26(2), pp.272~285 (2020)
- Walton, H. M., "Treating transgender individuals in inpatient and residential mental health settings", Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(4), pp.592~602 (2019)
- Weinhardt, L. S., "Transgender and gender nonconforming youths’ public facilities use and psychological well-being : A mixed-method study", Transgender Health, 2(1), pp.140~150 (2017)
- White, B. P., "Transgender and non-conforming persons’ mental healthcare experiences : An integrative review", Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(2), pp.203~210 (2019)
