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베르테르 효과와 파파게노 효과에 관한 체계적 문헌고찰: 미디어의 자살관련 내용 노출이 자살행동에 미치는 영향이 실재하는가?

A Systematic Literature Review on the Werther Effect and the Papageno Effect: Is the Impact of Media Exposure to Suicidal Content on Suicidal Behavior Real?

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초록

본 연구는 체계적 문헌고찰을 통해 미디어의 자살관련 내용 노출이 자살행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 국내외 연구동향을 살펴보고 베르테르 효과와 파파게노 효과의 영향요인을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2000년에서 2021년까지 21년 간 출간된 국내외 학술논문을 검토하였고, PRISMA 원칙에 따라 최종적으로 38편의 연구문헌을 선정하였다. 선정된 문헌들을 분류한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미디어에서의 자살관련 내용의 노출 영향에 관한 논문 수는 국내의 경우 2009년과 2014년에 증가하였으며, 해외의 경우 2019년에 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 미디어의 자살관련 내용 노출이 자살행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 논문을 주제별로 살펴본 결과, 베르테르 효과(31편), 파파게노 효과(5편), 자살관련 미디어 노출의 영향없음(3편)으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 베르테르 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인은 개인적 특성(생물, 심리, 사회), 미디어 양상(보도태도, 보도량, 보도방법), 자살사망자의 특성(유명인, 본인과 유사한 대상, 자살방법, 실제자살), 기타로 분류되었다. 다음으로 파파게노 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인은 긍정적 모델링 및 자살예방지식(자살위기극복사례, 자살예방정보)으로 분류되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 청소년 및 청소년 포함 전연령의 자살행동에 미치는 미디어의 영향요인을 베르테르 효과를 유발하는 위험요인과 파파게노 효과를 가져오는 보호요인으로 분류하였고, 연구결과의 의의와 시사점을 제시하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine research trends in Korea and other countries and classify factors influencing the Werther effect and the Papageno effect by conducting a systematic review of suicide media exposure. To this end, 38 research papers published in domestic and international journals between 2000 and 2021 were selected using the PRISMA framework. The findings were as follows. First. there was an increase in the number of research papers in 2009 and 2014 in Korea, and in 2019 in other countries. Second, thematic classification of the studies identified the Werther effect (31 papers), the Papageno effect (5 papers), No effect (3 papers). Third, influence factors of the Werther effect were categorized as personal, media-related, characteristics of the deceased, and other factors. Also, influence factors of the Papageno effect were classified into positive modeling and suicide prevention knowledge (cases of overcoming suicide crises, suicide prevention information). Finally, implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.

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