말레이시아와 싱가포르 고등교육정책 변화의 정치경제
Political Economy of Higher Education Policies in Malaysia and Singapore
0
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study examines history, current status and development of higher educational policies in Malaysia and Singapore. In particular, this study pays attention on policy changes and internationalization strategies since the late 1990s. Malaysia and Singapore, both as multi-ethnic societies and newly established states, was once one country before the separation in 1965. However, political factors such as nation-building and economic factors such as competitiveness have shaped different paths for these two countries. This paper raises following research questions. What are the policy changes of higher education in these two countries in the post-separation era? What are the commonalities and the differences? What are the future prospects? This study finds that development of higher education in Malaysia and Singapore was strongly influenced by political economic factors of both domestic and international environments. Although two countries were common in that the role of the state has been strong as both had to go through nation-building, higher education policies in Malaysia was much more influenced by political factor as it has adopted the ethnic quota system for preferential treatment for its ethnic Malays. Also the two countries differed their polices in responses to higher education needs since 1990s. Malaysia expanded private educational market and steered international competitiveness centering on state universities. In contrast, Singapore slowly expanded size of state universities and pursued the quality of state universities. Recent development of international strategies of higher education in these countries reveals implications for future discussion on quality and direction of higher education in Korea and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as global level discussion on internationalization of higher education.
Abstract
This study examines history, current status and development of higher educational policies in Malaysia and Singapore. In particular, this study pays attention on policy changes and internationalization strategies since the late 1990s. Malaysia and Singapore, both as multi-ethnic societies and newly established states, was once one country before the separation in 1965. However, political factors such as nation-building and economic factors such as competitiveness have shaped different paths for these two countries. This paper raises following research questions. What are the policy changes of higher education in these two countries in the post-separation era? What are the commonalities and the differences? What are the future prospects? This study finds that development of higher education in Malaysia and Singapore was strongly influenced by political economic factors of both domestic and international environments. Although two countries were common in that the role of the state has been strong as both had to go through nation-building, higher education policies in Malaysia was much more influenced by political factor as it has adopted the ethnic quota system for preferential treatment for its ethnic Malays. Also the two countries differed their polices in responses to higher education needs since 1990s. Malaysia expanded private educational market and steered international competitiveness centering on state universities. In contrast, Singapore slowly expanded size of state universities and pursued the quality of state universities. Recent development of international strategies of higher education in these countries reveals implications for future discussion on quality and direction of higher education in Korea and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as global level discussion on internationalization of higher education.
참고문헌 (46)
- 김지훈, "급증하는 싱가포르 조기유학, In 동아시아의 오늘과내일 특집기획 35회", 경향신문, ~ (2007)
- 김지훈, "싱가포르의 교육 산업화와 교육 이주", 동아시아브리프, 5(4), pp.46~51 (2010)
- 김지훈, "외국인 유학생들의 한국유학 동기와 경험 연구: 서울 A 대학 석사과정 학생들의 내러티브를 중심으로", 동아연구, 30(2), pp.73~101 (2011), 동아연구소
- 홍석준, "조기유학 대상지로 동남아시아를 선택하는 한국인 부모들의 동기 및 사회문화적 배경에 대한 연구 : 말레이시아의 사례를 중심으로", 사회과학연구, 20(4), pp.239~262 (2009), 사회과학연구소
- 말레이시아, "싱가포르의교육 및 학위제도 조사연구", 황인원, 2012
- Aihara, Akihito., "Paradoxes of Higher Education Reforms: Implication on the Malaysian Middle Class", IJAPS, 5(1), pp.81~113 (2009)
- Dixon, M., "Globalisation and international higher education: Contested positionings", Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(4), pp.319~333 (2006)
- The Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3)2001-2010, "Economic Planing Unit", Prime Minister’s Department, ~ (2001)
- Goh, Chor Boon, "The Development of Education in Singapore since 1965, In Toward a Better uture:Education and Training for Economic Development in Singapore since 1965", pp.12~38 (1965), World Bank
- Goh, Chor Boon, "The Development of University Education in Singapore, In Toward a Better Future: Education and Training for Economic Development in Singapore since 1965", pp.12~38 (2008), World Bank
- Gopinathan, S, "Challenging and Co-opting Globalization: Singapore's Strategies in Higher Education", Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(3), pp.287~299 (2011)
- Government of Malaysia., "Universities and University Colleges Act 1971", The Commissioner of Law Revision, ~ (2006)
- Hwang In Won., "Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir", ISEAS, ~ (2003)
- Ishikawa, M., "University rankings, global models, and emerging hegemony: Critical analysis from Japan", Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(2), pp.159~173 (2009)
- Jamil, Hazri., "The aspiration for educational rights in educational policies for national integration in Malaysian pluralistic society", Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, pp.158~173 (2010)
- Kim Jeehun., "Downed’ and Stuck in Singapore: Lower", Middle Class South Korean Wild Geese (Kirogi) Children in Public School, 2010, pp.17, 271~311
- 김지훈, "Singapore's Bilingualism and its Bilingual Educational Policies: A Review of the Literature on Continuity, Change and Challenge, 1950s-2000s", 사회과학연구, 36(1), pp.157~177 (2012), 사회과학연구소[DOI]
- Lee, M. N. N., "Global trends, national policies and institutional responses: Restructuring higher education in Malaysia", Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 3, pp.31~46 (2004)
- Lee, Molly N. N., "Public Principles on Private Education in Malaysia, In Rethinking Malaysia" (1999), Malaysian Social Science Association
- Lee, Sing-Kong, "Toward a Better Future: Education and Training forEconomic Development in Singapore since 1965", World Bank, ~ (2008)
- Levy, Daniel., "Private Education: Studies in Choice and Public Policy" (1986), Oxford University Press
- Marginson, Simon, "To rank or to be ranked: The impact of global rankings in higher education", Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), pp.306~329 (2007)
- Marginson, Simon., "Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education", Higher Education, 52, pp.1~39 (2006)
- Marginson, Simon., "Higher education in East Asia and Singapore: Rise of the Confucian Model", Higher Education, 61(5), pp.587~611 (2011)
- Ministry of Education., "Development of Education: National Report of Malaysia", ~ (2004)
- 2010. Education Statistics Digest 2010. Management Information and Research Branch Planning Division Ministry of Education Singapore, "MOE (Ministry of Education).", MOE, ~ (2010)
- Education Statistics Digest 2011. Management Information and Research Branch Planning Division Ministry of Education Singapore, "MOE (Ministry of Education).", MOE, ~ (2011)
- Report of the Committee on University Education Pathways Beyond 2015 (CUEP): Final Report, "MOE(Ministry of Education).", MOE, ~ (2012)
- MOHE(Ministry of Higher Education)., "Toward Excellence" (2006), University Publication Centre
- Mok, Ka Ho., "Varieties of regulatory regimes in Asia: the liberalization of the higher education market and changing governance in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia", The Pacific Review, 21(2), pp.147~170 (2008)
- Mok, Ka Ho, "The quest for regional hub of education: growing heterarchies, organizational hybridization, and new governance in Singapore and Malaysia", Journal of Education Policy, 26(1), pp.61~81 (2011)
- Ng, P. T., "Singapore's Response to the Global War for Talent: Politics and Education", International Journal of Educational Development, 31(3), pp.262~268 (2010)
- Ninomiya, A., J, "The past, present, and future of internationalization in Japan", Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(2), pp.117~124 (2009)
- Singapore: A Comparative Study, "NOOSR (National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition).", National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition in association with International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges, ~ (1996)
- Olds, Kris., "Global Assemblage: Singapore, Foreign Universities, and the Construction of a ‘Global Education Hub’", World Development, 35(6), pp.959~975 (2007)
- Sidhu, Ravinder., "Running to Stay Still in the Knowledge Economy", Journal of Educational Policy, 24(3), pp.237~253 (2009)
- Sirat, Morshidi Bin., "Strategic planning directions of Malaysia’s higher education: university autonomy in the midst of political uncertainties", Higher Education (2009)[DOI]
- Sivalingam, G, "Privatization Of Higher Education In Malaysia", Forum on Public Policy (2006)
- Tan, Ai Mei., "Malaysian Private Higher Education: Globalisation, Privatisation, Transformation and Marketplaces" (2002), Asean Academic Press
- Tham, Siew Yean, "Internationalising higher education: comparing the challenges of different higher education institutions in Malaysia", Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 28(4), pp.353~367 (2008)
- Wan Muda, "The Malaysian National Higher Education Action Plan: Redefining Autonomy and Academic Freedom Under the APEX Experiment", Paper presented at the ASAIHL Conference. University Autonomy: Interpretation and Variation, pp.12~14 (2008), Universiti Sains Malaysia
- World Bank., "The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy" (1993), Oxford University Press for the World Bank
- Yeoh, B. S. A, "Transnational families and their children's education: China's ‘Study Mothers’ in Singapore", Global Networks, 5, pp.379~400 (2005)
- "Singapore: Hungry for Foreign Workers at All Skill Levels" (2007)[URL]
- Yip, John Soon Kwong, "25 Years of Education Reform, In Education in Singapore: A Book of Readings", pp.3~32 (1997), Prentice Hall