중국의 중재합의 준거법 결정 기준에 관한 연구
A Study on the Determination Criteria of Governing Law for Arbitration Agreement in China
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중국의 법규에 규정된 중재합의 유효성을 판단하기 위한 준거법 규정은 뉴욕협약, UNCITRAL 모델중재법, 그리고 주요국의 중재법에 규정된 중재합의 준거법 결정 기준과 일부 상이한 내용을 규정하고 있다. 이에 따라서 본 논문에서는 중국의 법규에 규정된 중재합의 준거법 결정 기준의 구체적인 내용에 대해 확인하고, 실제 사례에서 중국 법원이 관련 규정을 어떻게 적용하였는지를 확인해 보고자 한다. 이러한 분석을 통해 중국의 중재합의 준거법 결정 기준이 가지고 있는 문제점을 도출하고, 중국의 중재제도를 이용하는 우리나라 당사자들에게 의와 관련한 유의사항을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 중재합의 준거법 결정 기준과 관련한 국제협약 및 주요국의 규정, 문헌, 사례를 분석하고, 이러한 분석 결과를 중국의 관련 규정, 문헌, 사례와 비교 분석하였다. 중국의 법률은 중재기관 소재지법을 적용하여 중재합의 유효성을 판단한다고 규정하고 있으나, 이는 국제적으로 전례가 없는 것으로 국제사회의 일반적 견해에 배치된다. 중국 법원이 중국의 법률을 중재합의 준거법으로 약정하였거나 중재합의 준거법을 약정하지 않았지만 중재지를 중국으로 약정한 중재합의에 대해 중재기관 소재지법을 적용하여 중재합의 유효성을 판단해야 하는 경우에, 중재기관 소재지법을 적용하는 경우와 중재지법을 적용하는 경우의 중재합의 유효성이 상이하다면 상당한 혼란이 야기될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 또한 중재기관 소재지를 기준으로 중재합의 유효성을 판단하는 것은 임시중재를 위한 중재합의의 유효성 판단에 아무런 의미가 없게 된다. 우리나라 기업이 중국 기업과 중재합의 준거법의 약정에 있어 주의해야 할 사항을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중재합의 준거법을 약정하지 않은 상태에서 중국을 중재지로 하고 중국의 중재기관을 이용하는 중재합의를 약정하는 경우에, 중재합의에 중재기관 명칭을 정확히 약정해야 유효한 중재합의로 인정받을 수 있게 된다. 둘째, 중재합의 준거법을 약정하지 않은 상태에서 중국을 중재지로 하고 한국의 중재기관을 이용하는 중재합의를 약정하는 경우에도 중재기관 명칭을 정확히 약정해야 한다.
Abstract
Purpose : The rules of governing law for determining the validity of arbitration agreements stipulated in Chinese law regulate several different contents and the determining criteria of the governing law for arbitration agreement stipulated in the New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Act, and the arbitration laws of major countries. Therefore, this paper will check the specific contents of the criteria for determining the law governing for the arbitration agreement stipulated in the Chinese law and also verify how the Chinese courts applied the relevant regulations in actual cases. Through this analysis, this study will draw out the problems of the criteria for determining the governing law for the arbitration agreement in China, and suggest cautions to the Korean parties who use China's arbitration system. Research design, data, methodology : This study analyzed international conventions and regulations, literature, and cases of major countries related to the criteria for determining the governing law for arbitration agreements, and compared the results of these analyzes with relevant Chinese regulations, literature, and cases. Results : Chinese law stipulates that the validity of an arbitration agreement is judged by applying the law in the location of the arbitration institution, but this is internationally unprecedented and is contrary to the general opinion of the international society. Where a Chinese court stipulates a governing law for the arbitration agreement as Chinese law or does not stipulate a governing law for the arbitration agreement, but has to determine the validity of the arbitration agreement by applying the law in the location of the arbitration institution to an arbitration agreement in which the place of arbitration is stipulated in China, if the validity of the arbitration agreement is different between the case where the law in arbitration location is applied and the case where the law in a location of arbitration institution is applied, it causes considerable confusion. In addition, judging the validity of the arbitration agreement based on the location of the arbitration institution has no meaning in determining the validity of the arbitration agreement for interim arbitration. Conclusions : Korean companies should be aware of when concluding a governing law for arbitration agreement with a Chinese company. First, when an arbitration agreement made for using a Chinese arbitration institution, stipulating China as the place of arbitration without stipulating the governing law for the arbitration agreement, the name of the arbitration institution must be accurately stipulated in the arbitration agreement to be recognized as a valid arbitration agreement. Second, even when an arbitration agreement made for using a Korean arbitration institution, stipulating China as the place of arbitration without stipulating the governing law for the arbitration agreement, the name of the arbitration institution must be accurately stipulated.
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