『주역』 ‘시의(時義)’괘 함의 연구 — 「단전(彖傳)」을 중심으로 —

Abstract

The Tuanzhuan(彖傳) of Zhouyi(周易) praises the importance of “the time,” focusing on the 12 guas. This paper focuses and contemplates on the five guas that praise the importance of “the time and the significance” using the phrase of “the time and the significance is great(時義大矣哉).” The five guas include Ye-gua (豫卦), Su-gua (隨卦), Don-gua (遯卦), Gu-gua (姤卦) and Ryeo-gua (旅卦), meaning “acting according the time[順動],” “meeting with each other[相遇],“ “behaving according to the time[隨時],“ “taking a step back to go well [遯亨],” and “going well to some extent[小亨]” respectively. This paper analyzes the importance of "the time and the significance” in two aspects: from a perspective of the origin of creation and from another perspective of the fairness of time as the basis of existence. This paper compares and examines different views of philosophers on those various perspectives, also including the political philosophy of Elizabeth F. Cohen. The natures and implications of five guas are as follows. First, the Ye-gua (豫卦) and the Gu-gua (姤卦) reveal the Tao[道] of “moving in compliance with the time[順動]” and “meeting with each other[相遇]" respectively, and the Su-gua (隨卦) reveals the Tao[道] of “following the time[隨時].” This thesis contemplates on the time, at which such Tao[道] is realized, as the orgin of creation. The Ye-gua (豫卦) highlights the importance of the time and the significance as the people obey to the law when both the law of the operation of heaven and earth and the duty of saints move in compliance with Tao[道] and thereby the punishment becomes exactly adequate and right. In particular, the Ye-gua (豫卦) places a bigger emphasis on “the significance” than on “the time” since the movement of all things will not be misaligned and will be well operated based on the governance by wise men, when even the smallest and the most trivial things conform to the reason. The Gu-gua (姤卦) explains that when things meet each other with ‘Righteousness[正],’ the Tao[道] of the meeting can be beautiful as every being can exist and reproduce only when things meet each other. As such, the Gu-gua (姤卦) expands the meaning of “meeting” to praise the importance of the time and the significance that could not be sufficiently highlighted only with the already revealed things. The Su-gua (隨卦) highlights the importance of “following the time[隨時]” and explains that moving follows a meaning, and so does joy. Following the time was praised for its huge implications as there is no fixed standards for following the time, and to identify and to thoroughly understand “the indication” are imperative to reaching a certain level of maturity. All of these three guas show that to conform to, move and meet according to, and comply with the time and the right way is the origin of creation which makes things to be well-operated. Second, the fairness of time is the underlying basis of every existence, and the Don-gua (遯卦) and the Ryeo-gua (旅卦) reveal the Tao[道] of “taking a step back to go well [遯亨]” and “going well to some extent[小亨]” respectively. The Don-gua (遯卦) means things can be beneficial to some extent if people decide not to go forward and to take a step back instead, remaining still to follow the right thing, as they know that they will definitely be blocked in the future. The time is always fair even in difficult times, so when faced with trouble, it is important to know that “taking the right path is beneficial to some extent” and prepare for a future situation where “taking the right path is truly beneficial,” instead of overlooking “small behaviors and things” and not taking a right way. The Yeo-gua (旅卦) praised the importance of the time and the significance, because even when a traveler is in a time of difficulties, if one firmly sticks to the righteousness and remains fair and just, the traveler can “go well to some extent” as the time is always fair. Instead, it was praised and highlighted that because it is a difficult time, things that appear trivial have great significance. Both of the two guas show that things can go well even in a time when to step back or in difficult times if one identifies indications and behaves accordingly. On the other hand, Wang Bi annotates “the time and the significance” of the Yeo-gua (旅卦) that wise men coming forward for things to rely on in a time when all things fall apart and lose where they used to belong to. In other words, he deemed ‘going well to some extent and auspiciousness as a result of a traveler acting righteously’ as coming forward. In conclusion, what distinguishes the implication of the guas that praise the importance of “the time and the use” and the implication of “the time and the significance”, the implication of “the time and the significance” is highlighted more in confucian annotation. The thesis believes that the well-operated governance serves for the origin of creation and the things going well is to be the basis of existence.