인도네시아의 새로운 산림 거버넌스: KPH와 지역사회의 산림 파트너십
New Forest Governance in Indonesia: A Forest Partnership between Forest Management Units and Local Communities
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The size of tropical forests in Indonesia is the third largest in the world. Approximately 70 million people, or 28% of the population of Indonesia,rely on the Indonesian forests for their livelihood. The Indonesian foresthas been a place to live as well as a means of livelihood to local people. It has also been a way to bolster the insufficient national finances of thegovernment. Today the Indonesian forest is degrading at its fastest pace inhistory, exacerbated by conflict of interests between local communitiesand the government. The Indonesian government faces a range ofalarming challenges including guaranteeing local communities the rightto use forests, while also ensuring sustainable forest management. Basedon these observations, this paper focuses on KPHs (Forest ManagementUnits) and Kemitraan (Forest Partnership), which are expected to beintegral to the new system of governance for forests in Indonesia. TheIndonesian government initiated the KPH system to delineate areas ofjurisdiction over forests by management units, and to manage forests byforest management plan submitted by KPH. In addition, the Indonesiangovernment initiated the Kemitraan system to manage forests andredistribute profits between concession holders and local communities,through contractual arrangements. KPHs maintain an understanding withlocal communities: KPHs secure management funds via Kemitraan forlocal communities in special areas (wilayah tertentu) for whichconcessions have never been issued, while local communities undertaketo live and work in forests in sustainable ways. The merits of theKemitraan system lie in the simplicity of its permit issuance procedureand reduction of transaction costs, compared to other systems like HKm(Community Forest) or HD (Village Forest). To fully enact the Kemitraansystem between KPHs and local communities, national legislation wouldneed to be reformed, in order to expand the tracts of potentially usableforest for local communities, and also to expand KPH’s authority byincluding non-concession areas to the range of special areas. Alternativeplans should also be prepared in anticipation of financial problems suchas insufficient funding. REDD+ financial support from developedcountries can be one source of such alternative funding.
Abstract
The size of tropical forests in Indonesia is the third largest in the world. Approximately 70 million people, or 28% of the population of Indonesia,rely on the Indonesian forests for their livelihood. The Indonesian foresthas been a place to live as well as a means of livelihood to local people. It has also been a way to bolster the insufficient national finances of thegovernment. Today the Indonesian forest is degrading at its fastest pace inhistory, exacerbated by conflict of interests between local communitiesand the government. The Indonesian government faces a range ofalarming challenges including guaranteeing local communities the rightto use forests, while also ensuring sustainable forest management. Basedon these observations, this paper focuses on KPHs (Forest ManagementUnits) and Kemitraan (Forest Partnership), which are expected to beintegral to the new system of governance for forests in Indonesia. TheIndonesian government initiated the KPH system to delineate areas ofjurisdiction over forests by management units, and to manage forests byforest management plan submitted by KPH. In addition, the Indonesiangovernment initiated the Kemitraan system to manage forests andredistribute profits between concession holders and local communities,through contractual arrangements. KPHs maintain an understanding withlocal communities: KPHs secure management funds via Kemitraan forlocal communities in special areas (wilayah tertentu) for whichconcessions have never been issued, while local communities undertaketo live and work in forests in sustainable ways. The merits of theKemitraan system lie in the simplicity of its permit issuance procedureand reduction of transaction costs, compared to other systems like HKm(Community Forest) or HD (Village Forest). To fully enact the Kemitraansystem between KPHs and local communities, national legislation wouldneed to be reformed, in order to expand the tracts of potentially usableforest for local communities, and also to expand KPH’s authority byincluding non-concession areas to the range of special areas. Alternativeplans should also be prepared in anticipation of financial problems suchas insufficient funding. REDD+ financial support from developedcountries can be one source of such alternative funding.
참고문헌 (77)
- 인도네시아의 REDD+ 전략 및 이행 – 롬복섬 서부린자니 보호산림경영구 REDD 사업 타당성 분석 -, "배재수", ~, pp.국립산림과학원 연구보고 제12-03호 (2012)
- 장상경, "인도네시아 산림 모라토리엄 분석: 산림 거버넌스를 중심으로", 동남아시아연구, 23(3), pp.49~92 (2013), 한국동남아학회
- 황윤원, "인도네시아 행정과 공공정책" (2013), 대영문화사
- 황윤원, "산림·임업 용어사전", 산림청·한국임학회, ~ (2011)
- 2013년도 연구사업 보고서Ⅳ -삶의 질 향상을 위한 산림 경영 기술 및 정책 개발-, "황윤원", 국립산림과학원, ~ (2013)
- Banking on sustainability: Structural Adjustment and Forestry Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia, "Barr, Christopher", Center for International Forestry Research, ~ (2001)
- Decentralization of Forest Administration in Indonesia-Implication for forest sustainability, economic development and community livelihoods, "Barr, Christopher", Center for International Forestry Research, ~ (2006)
- Which Way Forward? People, Forests, and Policymaking in Indonesia, "Colfer, Carol J P", Resources for the Future, ~ (2002)
- Dipokusumo, Bambang, "Kajian dinamika kebijakan hutan kemasyarakatan dan alteratif penyelesaian konflik kepentingan pada kawasan hutan lindung di pulau Lombok", Agroteksos, 21(2-3), pp.165~176 (2011)
- Elvida, YS, "Implementasi dan strategi pembangunan kesatuan pengeolaan hutan Banjar(Implementation and Strategy of Banjar Forest Management Unit Development)", Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 6(1), pp.57~70 (2009)
- Mau melangkah ke mana pengelolaan Hutan Sesaot?(Brief No.09 Policy Analysis Unit), "Galudra, Gamma", World Agroforestory Center ICRAF Southeast Asia Regional Office, ~ (2010)
- Konteks REDD+di Indonesia: Pemicu, pelaku, dan lembaganya, "Indrarto, Giorgio B", CIFOR, ~ (2013)
- Jaung, Wanggi, "Evaluating socio-economic equity of REDD+ in a rights-based approach: Rapid equity appraisal matrix", Environmental Science & Policy, 22, pp.1~12 (2012)
- Kementerian Kehutanan, "Peraturan Kepalah Badan Planologi Kehutanan No.SK.80", VII-PW, pp.2006 (2006), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.37", Menhut-II, pp.2007 (2007), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.49", Menhut-II, pp.2008 (2008), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.6", Menhut-II, pp.2009 (2009), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.18", enhut-II, Menhut-II, pp.2007 tahun 2007 tentang Hutan Kemasyarakatan (2009)[DOI]
- Kemenhut, "Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No.SK.758", enhut-II, pp.2009 (2009), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Planologi Kehutanan No.P.3", VII-SET, pp.2010 (2010), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.51", Menhut II, pp.2010 (2010), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.6", Menhut-II, pp.2010 (2010), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.13", Menhut II, Menhut-II, pp.2007 tentang Hutan Kemasyarakatan (2010)[DOI]
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.40", Menhu -II, pp.2010 (2010), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.52", Menhut II, Menhut-II, pp.2007 tentang Huan Kemasyarakatan (2010)[DOI]
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Planologi Kehutanan No.P.7", VII-SET, pp.2011 (2011), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Planologi Kehutanan No.P.5", VII-WP3H, pp.2012 (2012), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No.P.39", enhut-II, pp.2013 (2013), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Menteri No.P.46", Menhut-II, pp.2013 (2013), ~
- Kemenhut, "Peraturan Meenteri Kehutanan No.P.47", enhut-II, pp.2013 (2013), ~
- Data dan Informasi Ditjen Planologi Kehutanan tahun 2013, "Kemenhut", Kemenhut, ~ (2013)
- Kementerian Dalam Negeri, "Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No.61", 2010 tentang Pedoman organisasi dan tata kerja pengelolaan hutan lindung dan kesatuan pengelolaan hutan produksi di daerah, 2010
- Margono, Belinda A, "Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000-2012", Nature Climate Change (2014)[DOI]
- Minako Sakai, "Solusi Sengketa Tanah di Era Reformasi Politik dan Desentralisasi Indonesia", Antropologi Indonesia, 68, pp.2002~ (2002)
- Assessment dan Analisa Tenurial untuk mendukung pembentukan dan pengelolaan KPH Model Rinjani Barat, "Mitra Samya", NTB, ~ (2009)
- Mukarom, Madani, "Program pasca sarjana" (2009), Universitas Mataram
- Menerawang Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan di Era Otonomi Daerah(Governance Brief), "Ngakan, Putu Oka", Center for International Forestry Research, ~ (2008)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Pemerintah No.21 tahun 1970 tentang Hak Pengusahaan Hutan dan Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan", ~ (1970)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Pemerintah No.18 tahun 1975 tentang Perubahan pasal 9 Peraturan Pemerintah No.21 tahun 1970 tentang Hak Pengusahaan Hutan dan Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan", ~ (1975)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Pemerintah(PP) No.34 tahun 2002 tentang Tata hutan dan penyusunan rencana pengelolaan hutan, pemanfaatan hutan dan penggunaan kawasan hutan", ~ (2002)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Pemerintah No.6 tahun 2007 tentang Tata hutan dan penyusunan rencana pengelolaan hutan, serta pemanfaatan hutan", ~ (2007)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Pemerintah No.3 tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah No.6 tahun 2007 tentang Tata hutan dan penyusunan rencana pengelolaan hutan, serta pemanfaatan hutan", ~ (2008)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Instruksi Presiden(Inpres) No.3 Tahun 2010 tentang Program Pembangunan yang berkeadilan", ~ (2010)
- Pemerintah Indonesia, "Peraturan Presiden(Perpres) No.5 tahun 2010 tentang Renana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional tahun 2010-2014", ~ (2010)
- Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan: Menuju pemanfaatan hutan lestar, "Prasetyo, Harijoko S", UN-REDD Programme Indonesia, ~ (2012)
- Republik Indonesia, "Undang-Undang No.5 tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan pokok kehutanan", ~ (1967)
- Republik Indonesia, "Undang-Undang No.22 tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan daerah", ~ (1999)
- Republik Indonesia, "Undang-Undang No.25 tahun 1999 tentang Perimbangan keuangan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah", ~ (1999)
- Republik Indonesia, "Undang-Undang No.41 tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan", ~ (1999)
- Republik Indonesia, "Forest Investment Program(FIP) Rencana Investasi Kehutanan Indonesia", ~ (2012)
- Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan: Menuju pemanfaatan hutan lestari, "Suprianto, Tugas", BTNLL, Dinas Kehutanan Sulawesi Tengah, Kementerian Kehutanan, FAO, UNDP, UNDEP, UN-REDD, ~ (2012)
- An assessment of KPH Development in Indonesia: Forest Management Nirvana or a Bureaucratic Black Hole?, "Stringer, Joseph P.", USDA Forest Service International Programs, ~ (2014)
- United Nations Common Country Assessment Indonesia, "Stringer, Joseph P.", United Nations Development Programme, ~ (2004)
- Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report for Republic of Indonesia, "Stringer, Joseph P.", World Bank, ~ (2006)
- Indonesia Forestry Outlook Study by Center for Forestry Planning and Statistics Ministry of Forestry: Working paper No.APFSOS II, "WP", 2009, Stringer, Joseph P., pp.Food and Agricultural Organization of the Unities Nations Regional Offie for Asia and the pacitic, 2009[DOI]
- Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main report, "Stringer, Joseph P.", United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, ~ (2010)
- Partnership Policy Paper No.4, "2011-Mendorong percepatan program Hutan Kemasyarakatan dan Hutan Desa", Stringer, Joseph P., 2011
- Pembangunan Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan(KPH) - Konsep, Peraturan Perundangan dan Implementasi, "Stringer, Joseph P.", Kemenhut, ~ (2011)
- Siaran Pers Peluncuran Buku Pembangunan KPH dan Sosialisasi Pembangunan KPH, "Stringer, Joseph P.", Kemenhut, ~ (2011)
- Laporan Tahunan Pembangunan Kehutanan Terpadu KPH Rinjani Barat 2012, "Stringer, Joseph P.", KPHL Rinjani Barat, ~ (2012)
- Rencana Pengeolaan Hutan(RPH) Jangka Panjang KPHL Rinjani Barat Periode 2012-2021 Kesatuan Pengeolaan Hutan Lindung Rinjani Barat, "Stringer, Joseph P.", KPHL Rinjani Barat, ~ (2012)
- World Development Indicators, "Stringer, Joseph P.", The World Bank, ~ (2013)
- Draft Naskah Kemitraan Pengelolaan hutan antaran KPHL Rinjani Barat dengan Koperasi Kompak Sejahtera, Desa Rempek, Kec. Gangga-KLU, "Stringer, Joseph P.", KPHL Rinjani Barat, ~ (2014)
- Evaluasi 120 KPH Model, "Stringer, Joseph P.", Kemenhut, ~ (2014)
- Laporan Bulanan Data Social Ekonomi, "Stringer, Joseph P.", Badan Pusat Statistik, ~ (2014)
- Ringkasan Eksekutif Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan sampai dengan Februari 2014, "Stringer, Joseph P.", Direktorat Jenderal Planologi Kehutanan Kemenhut, ~ (2014)
- "Indonesia overtake Brazil for worst deforestation title" (2014)[URL]
- "Menhut minta izin pengelolaan hutan diberikan ke masyarakat" (2014)[URL]
- "Bupati pelalawan tak lagi berpihak pada masyarakat pemilik hutan" (2012)[URL]
- "Kebijakan satu peta-‘One Map policy’- di Indonesia" (2012)[URL]
- "Bupati diharpkan terbitkan IUPHKm" (2013)[URL]
- "Serahkan dana kemitraan, Pemprov Jambi harap kesejahteraan masyarakat Senyerang meningkat" (2013)[URL]
- "Wabup KLU kukuhkan pengurus koperasi di" (2013)[URL]
- "Dishut: HKm kembalikan fungsi hutan Sesaot" (2014)[URL]
- "Solusi konflik menggandeng Kemitraan" (2014)[URL]
- "70 juta dolar tersedia untuk hutan lestari" (2014)[URL]