싱가포르 전염병 대응체계의 식민지적 기원: 해협식민지 기록으로 보는 식민시기 방역체제의 유산
Colonial Origin of Singapore’s Response to Infection: Tracing the Colonial Legacies of the Disinfection System through the Straits Settlements Medical Report
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싱가포르는 1819년 영국의 식민지가 된 이래 대량의 중국인, 인도인 이주민들이 모여든 지역이었고, 유럽, 서아시아, 동북아시아, 남아시아, 아메리카 등 전 세계의 상인, 관료, 학자, 탐험가 등이 드나드는 핵심 허브 도시였다. 1819년 이전 천 명도 살지 않던 지역이 수십 년 만에 수십만의 인구가 거주하는 거대 도시로 변화하는 과정은 새로운 근대도시의 탄생을 의미하기도 했지만, 아무런 도시 인프라가 갖춰지지 않은 지역이 밀려드는 인구를 제대로 수용하지 못해 전염병에 취약한 환경으로 변화하는 과정이기도 했다. 150여 년에 달하는 식민시기 싱가포르의 역사는 다른 한편으로 전염병 대응의 역사이기도 하다. 2020년 전 세계를 위협하고 있는 코로나 19 확산에 대한 싱가포르 정부의 대응은 초기 지역내(community) 감염과 해외유입 사례를 잘 관리하면서 성공적인 듯 보였지만, 예상치 못한 외국인 노동자의 집단감염으로 위기상황을 맞았다. 그러나 11월 말 현재 전체 감염자 수 10명 내외로 집계되면서 방역에 성공하는 듯한 모습을 보이고 있다. 이 가운데 싱가포르 특유의 정부 주도 방역의 핵심은 지역내 감염의 확산을 막기 위한 면밀한 대응, 외국인 노동자들의 감염확산을 막기 위한 철저한 격리, 해외유입사례에 대한 선제적 방역, 국가 내 다양한 보건의료 인프라의 활용 등이다. 본 연구는 현재 싱가포르 정부와 사회가 보여주고 있는 감염병 대응의 역사적 측면을 밝히기 위해 해협식민지(Straits Settlements) 시기부터 축적되어 온 싱가포르 전염병 대응의 경험에 주목하고자 한다. 해협식민지 시기 싱가포르에서 실시된 정부 주도의 적극적 방역과 그로 인해 파생된 보건의료 인프라는 이후 자치령 시기와 공화국 시기까지 이어지는 중요한 유산이면서 코로나 19를 성공적으로 방역해내면서 주목받고 있는 싱가포르 방역체계의 역사적 기원이다. 특히 20세기 초 수십 년에 걸친 이와 같은 전염병 대응의 경험과 인프라는 그대로 싱가포르 공동체 내에 축적되어 21세기 싱가포르 정부와 사회가 계속되는 세계적 전염병 사태에 비교적 성공적으로 대응하는 데에 간접적 기반이 되었다는 점을 강조하고자 한다.
Abstract
Singapore had been a key port-city with a huge amount of Chinese and Indian migration. Diverse traders, officials, scholars, and adventurers from worldwide including Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Northeast Asia gathered in this hub city after colonization by the British Empire in 1819. However, the dramatic transformation from a rural village with a population of less than one thousand to a modern port-city with hundreds of thousands of population was a process of being vulnerable to diverse infectious diseases. 150 years of Singapore’s colonial history could be called the history of resisting against the infectious disease. COVID-19, a pandemic that sweeps across the globe, has been a miserable impact on Singapore, the outstanding city-state of Southeast Asia. Singapore has been a ‘clean sector’ with focusing on community -level infections as well as infections from abroad and thus could maintain the confirmed cases just around 10 cases. However, with the drastic growth of infections among low-waged and dormitory-resided migrant workers, Singapore had averagely hundreds of confirmed cases per day. Finally, now, the mid-October, the Singapore government and society again manage the infectious cases less than 10. Key points of Singapore’s counter-strategy on COVID-19 pandemic were government-leaded disinfection system, active responding to community-level propagation, thorough quarantine of migrant workers, prevention of infection on cases from abroad, and medical infrastructure of Singapore. This paper traces the roots of recent Singapore’s response to the epidemic crisis by exploring accumulated experiences during the Straits Settlements period. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the colonial government-leaded prevention system on epidemics and the related early medical infrastructure like hospitals and out-door dispensaries were the essential legacies that lasted the self-governing period after WW2 and the republic period after the independence(1965). In sum, this research tries to concentrate on the fact that the colonial experiences and infra, especially during the early 20th century, became the foundation of recent Singapore’s successful responsiveness on constant pandemic after the 21st century.
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