말레이반도에서의 한센병 관리 정책의 형성과 변화에 관한 연구
The Formation and Transition of Hansen's Disease Control Policy in Malay Peninsula
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 연구는 대영제국의 해협식민지(Straits Settlements)에서의 한센병환자 격리정책의 발전과 사회적 낙인과 차별의 강화, 그리고 이에 맞서 한센병환자 시설을 자신의 생활공간으로 바꾸기 위해 노력했던 한센인들의 투쟁을 담고 있다. 대영제국은 19세기 말레이반도를 해협식민지로 지배하고 개발하기 시작하면서 중국과 인도에서 대량의 노동자들을 페낭, 싱가포르, 말라카 등지에 이주시켰다. 그리고 이들 이주노동자와 함께 한센병이 말레이반도에 확산되기 시작하면서, 한센병은 영국의 식민지 경영에 있어 통제해야 할 중요한 공중보건학적 문제가 되었다. 영국은 인종주의적 관점에서 한센병환자를 시설에 격리시키기 시작했다. 그리고 강제격리정책이 발전함에 따라 사회의 한센인에 대한 낙인과 차별 역시 점차 강화되었다. 이러한 상황은 20세기 초 한센병 치료제의 개발과 인도주의적 관점의 도입으로 점차 바뀌게 된다. 이 과정에서 말레이반도의 한센인들은 자신을 조직화하면서 감옥과 같았던 요양소를 점차 자신의 일상생활 공간으로 변화시켜갔다. 또한 시설에서의 환자 자치권을 확대해 가면서 자신의 목소리와 역량을 강화시켰다. 20세기 중반이 지나면서 한센인시설은 한센인의 생활공간이 되었다. 그러나 2000년대 말레이시아와 싱가포르의 한센인 집단의 수 감소와 고령화와 도시의 확장으로 인하여 나요양소는 폐쇄와 이전의 위협에 직면했다. 나요양소의 폐쇄와 이전은 단순히 시설이 사라지는 것이 아니라, 오랫동안 고향으로 가꾸어온 한센인의 거주 공간이 사라지고 공동체가 해체된다는 것을 의미한다. 말레이시아 순가이부로 나요양소의 일부 철거는 말레이시아 사회가 나요양소의 역사성과 그곳에 살고 있던 한센인의 삶에 관심을 두는 계기가 되었다. 순가이부로 나요양소를 보존하고 한센인을 사회와 더욱 밀집히 연결시키기 위한 시민단체의 노력이 시작되었고, 그 결과 2019년에 순가이부로 나요양소는 유네스코 세계문화유산에 잠정적 리스트에 등재되었다. 그리고 순가이부로 나요양소 한센인과 시민단체는 한국의 한센시설에 초국경 세계문화유산에 공동으로 등재될 것을 요청하고 있다.
Abstract
As the British Empire began to rule and develop Malay Peninsula as Straits Settlements in the 19th century, it migrate large numbers of workers from China and Indian to Penang, Singapore and Malacca. Along these migrant workers, Hansen’s disease began to spread across the Malay Peninsula as an important public health problem to be controlled by British Empire. It began to segregate migrant workers with Hansen’s disease from the racist perspective. As the compulsory segregation policy developed, social stigma and discrimination against individuals with Hansen’s disease became increasingly stronger. Because this segregation policy aimed at isolating the patients rather than care or treatment for the them, the mortality rates of patients in leprosarium were very high. After with the development of medicine, the increase of cured patients, and the development of patient organization, the characteristics of leprosarium which were more like prison, gradually changed. People affected by Hansen’s disease gradually transformed the spaces of the nursery into their daily living spaces. In this process, patients strengthened their voices and competencies. However due to the decline and aging in the number of people affected by Hansen’s disease in Malaysia and Singapore in the 2000s, and due to expansion of cities, the leprosarium faced the threats of closure and transfer. Closing and relocating the leprosarium does not only mean that facilities would be demolished but also that the living spaces of people affected by Hansen’s disease who have made it their home for a long time disappear. The demolition of part of the Sungai Buloh leprosarium in Malaysia has caused the Malaysian society to be interested in the history of this place and people who have lived in it. Citizen groups’ efforts to preserve this space and to connect people affected by Hansen’s disease with society more closely began. As a result, in 2019, Sungai Buloh leprosarium became listed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list. In addition, people affected by Hansen’s disease living in Sungai Buloh and civic groups are now calling Korean society to jointly listed leprosarium in Korea on the Transnational World Heritage site.
참고문헌 (44)
- 한센인권실태조사, "국가인권위원회", ~ (2005)
- 김재형, "한센인의 격리제도와 낙인차별에 관한 연구", 박사, pp.2019
- 김재형, "한센병 치료제의 발전과 한센인 강제격리정책의 변화", 의료사회사연구, 3, pp.5~40 (2019), 의료역사연구회[DOI]
- 정근식, "식민지적 근대와 신체의 정치", 사회와 역사, 51 (1997), 한국사회사학회
- Amarjit Kaur, "Plantation System, Labour Regimes and the State in Malaysia, 19002012", Journal of Agrarian Change, 14(2) (2014)
- Angela Ki Che Leung, "Leprosy in China : A History" (2009), Columbia University Press
- Bill Willmott, "Chinese Contract Labour in the Pacific Islands during the Nineteenth Century", The Journal of Pacific Studies, 27(2) (2004)
- Carolyn Strange, "Isolation: Places and practices of exclusion" (2003), Routledge
- David Arnold, "Colonizing the Body: State medicine and epidemic disease in nineteenth century India" (1993), University of California Press
- Dong-won Shin, "Western Medicine, Korean Government, and Imperialism in Late Nineteenth-Century Korea: the cases of the Choson government hospital and smallpox vaccination", Historia scientiarum, 13(3) (2004)
- Ernest Aston Otho Travers, "The Tai Foong Chee Traetment", Leprosy Review, 2(5) (1928)
- Frederick W. Clements, "Jerejak Leper settlement, Penang, Straits settlements" (1934), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, the University of Sydney
- Gian Franco Gensini, "The Concept of Quarantine in History: from plague to SARS", Journal of Infection, 49 (2004)
- Harriet Jane Deacon, "Madness, Race and Moral Treatment: Robben Island Lunatic Asylum, Cape Colony, 1846-1890", History of Psychiatry, 7 (1996)
- Harriet Jane Deacon, "The Place and Space of Illness: Climate and Garden as Metaphors in the Robben Island Medical Institutions", Institute of Historical Research, E-seminars in history (1997)
- H. J Ch’ng, "Preliminary Findings for Pulau Jerejak Leper Settlement: Reconsturcing the Built and Living Environment of Camp 5" (2014), IGCESH
- H. P. Lie, "Why is Leprosy Decreasing in Norway?", International Journal of Leprosy, 1(2) (1933)
- Ira Klein, "Imperialism, Ecology and Disease : Cholera in India, 1850-1950", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 31(4), pp.491~518 (1994)
- Report on the Conditions under Which Leprosy Occurs in China, Indo-China, Malaya, the Archipelago, and Oceania: complied chiefly during 1894, "James Cantlie", ~ (1895)
- Jane Buckingham, "Leprosy in Colonial South India : Medicine and Confinement" (2002), Palgrave
- Jayalakshmi P, "Leprosy in Malaysia", Malaysian Journal of Pathology, 16(1) (1994)
- Kah Seng Loh, "The Ambivalence of Relocation : The Experiences of Individuals Affected by Leprosy in Singapore", The STAR, Carville, 64(2) (2005)
- Kah Seng Loh, "Making and Unmaking the Asylum: Leprosy and Modernity in Singapore and Malaysia" (2009), Information and Research Development Centre
- Leonard Rogers, "Leprosy in India", ~ (1934)
- Leo Van Bergen, "Uncertainty, Anxiety, Frugality: Dealing with leprosy in the Dutch East Indies, 1816-1942" (2018), National University of Singapore Press
- Ling Hee Ninh, "Leprosy in Sarawak, Borneo: A 5 Year Review from 2008to 2012", Leprosy Review, 85 (2014)
- Loh Kah Seng, "The Ambivalence of Relocation: the experience of individuals affected by leprosy in Singapore", The Star, 64(2)
- Loh Kah Seng, "Silra Home Revisited", WHO Goodwill Ambassador’s newsletter for the Elimination of Leprosy, 22 Oct 2006, ~ (2006)
- Loh Kah Seng, "Strategic Information and Research Development Centre" (2009), Strategic Information and Research Development Centre
- Meg Parsons, "Defining disease, segregating race: Sir Raphael Cilento, Aboriginal health and leprosy management in twentieth century Queensland", Aboriginal History, 34 (2010)
- Mike Gibby, "Jerejak : Penang’s untold story" (2018), Entrepot
- M LWong, "Socio-Cultural Issues in Leprosy Control and Management", Asia Pacific Disability, ~ (2002)
- Philip Howell, "Prostitution and Racialised Sexuality: the regulation of prostitution in Britain and the British Empire before the Contagious Diseases Act", Environment and Planning D : Society and Space, 18 (2000)
- Reynlado C. Ileto, "Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies" (2017), Manchester University Press
- Richard Philips, "Imperialism and the Regulation of Sexuality: colonial legislation on contagious diseases and age of consent", Journal of Historical Geography, 28(3) (2002)
- Rod Edmond, "Leprosy and Empire : A Medical and Cultural History" (2006), Cambridge
- Shubhada S. Pandya, "The First International Leprosy Conference, Berlin, 1897: the politics of segregation", História, ciências, saúde—Manguinhos, 10 (2003)
- Shu-Yi Wang, "A social approach to preserve difficult heritage under neoliberalism – a leprosy settlement in Taiwan and beyond", International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(5), pp.454~468 (2020), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Simonne Horwitz, "Leprosy in South Africa: A Case Study of Westfort Leper Institution, 1898~1948", African Studies, 65(2) (2006)
- Sungai Buloh Oral History Team, "The Valley of Hope" (2015), Care & Share Circle
- Ea Nee Tan, "6⋅20 의거의 현재적 의미와 이춘상 기념사업회의 방향" (2019), 이춘상 기념사업회
- Vicki Luker, "Histories of Leprosy: Subjectivities, Community and Pacific Worlds", The Journal of Pacific History, 52(3) (2017)
- Yeoh Seng Guan, "Khoo Salma Nasution and Neil Khor, Penang and Its Region" (2007), National University of Singapore Press
- Zachary Gussow, Leprosy, "Leprosy, Racism and Public Health" (1989), Westview Press