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캄보디아 노사관계 제도의 구축과 국제 사회의 개입: 성과와 한계를 중심으로

Building Cambodian Industrial Relations Systems and the Intervention of the International Actors: Achievements and Limitations

박진영
한국동남아학회|2023.11|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제33권 제4호|pp. 1-41

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캄보디아CambodiaGlobalization노사관계최저임금노동운동Labor MovementIndustrial RelationsLabor Politics노동 정치노동중재위원회국제 행위자Arbitration CouncilInternational Actors
주제분류지역학

초록

캄보디아의 노사관계 제도는 국제 사회, 특히 미국과 ILO의 적극적 개입을 통해 2000년대 초반 작업장 모니터링 프로그램과 노동중재위원회를 두 축으로 형성되었다. 국제사회의 지속적 지원은 두 제도의 영향력을 지속시켜 왔으며, 캄보디아 정부의 소극적 노동 정책을 배경으로 노사관계 제도는 나름의 균형을 유지하며 운영되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 캄보디아 정부는 적극적 노동 정책으로 선회하였고 이는 중재위원회의 역할과 위상을 약화시킴으로써 그간 유지되어 왔던 제도적 균형에 균열을 일으켰다. 이는 2013/14년 최저임금 인상을 요구하는 대규모 시위에 위기의식을 느낀 정부가 유인과 통제의 노동 정책으로 전환하여 온정주의적인 정책을 적극 도입하여 노동자들의 지지와 지원을 끌어내는 한편, 노동조합의 활동을 위축시키기 위해서 노동조합법을 도입하는 등 노동운동에 대한 공세적인 통제를 실시하고 있기 때문이다. 이와 함께 최저임금도 급격하게 인상시키는데 이는 온정주의 정책의 결과이자 동시에 노동자들의 집단적인 압력이 이루어낸 성과이기도 하다. 캄보디아의 사례는 국제 행위자의 개입을 통한 제도 구축의 성과와 한계를 보여줌과 동시에 노동 조건 개선을 위해 국내 행위자인 노동자/노조의 역량을 키우는 것에 보다 많은 관심을 기울일 필요가 있음을 제시하고 있다.

Abstract

This article analyzes the achievements and limitations of international actors’ intervention to build industrial relations (IR) systems in Cambodia. International actors, especially the USA and the ILO, have played crucial roles in building and operating two key IR institutions, Better Factories Cambodia, a factory monitoring program, and the Arbitration Council (AC), a dispute resolution system. The institutions have been praised as champions of improving working conditions and instrumental in balancing the IR systems under the passive labor policies of the Cambodian government. However, the government has recently changed to active intervention, resulting in the weakening of the AC after being politically threatened by the massive mobilization of workers demanding the minimum wage (MW) increase in 2013. The government has used both inducements towards workers and constraints of trade unions while steeply and continuously increasing MW. It is not only an outcome of paternalistic policy but also an achievement of the worker struggle, differing from the weakening AC, an institution given by international actors. The Cambodian case presents the achievements and limitations of institution building by international actors and the importance of the capacity building of domestic actors, especially unions and workers, to improve workers’ rights.

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관련 논문AI추천

캄보디아 의류산업분야의 노동시위 증대 원인에 대한 연구 : ILO 노동기준 제고 프로그램의 한계점과 시사점이진우한국세계지역학회 · 세계지역연구논총2020 · 제38권 제2호캄보디아 외국인직접투자와 노동환경이승철한국경제지리학회 · 한국경제지리학회지2014 · 제17권 제4호캄보디아⋅베트남의 노동관계법 체계와 최근 입법동향박재명, 이준표법학연구소 · 외법논집2022 · 제46권 제1호동아시아 섬유 산업 노동 현장의 노동인권 제고방안이진우일본연구센터 · 차세대 인문사회연구2014 · 제10호협력적인 노사관계체제의 정립 방안에 관한 연구 - 정부역할을 중심으로 -윤대혁한국인적자원관리학회 · 인적자원관리연구2009 · 제16권 제4호메조레벨에서 노사정간의 정책협상 실험: 지역,업종별 노사정협의회 사례김성훈한국행정연구원 · 한국행정연구2004 · 제13권 제2호

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