조선시대 批答의 문서 유형 연구

Abstract

Bidap (批答) in Joseon dinasty was the answer written by the king to the documents sent up to the king from government officials and the central government. The king's answers to the letters written by government officials were divided into various types: bulyun bidap (不允批答), bidap yuji (批答有旨), bidap yuseo (批答諭書), socha bidap (疏箚批答), and others. Bidap issued to the letters from the central government consisted of chogi bidap (草記批答), gesa bidap (啓辭批答), munan bidap (問安批答), and others. Among those various kinds of bidap, some of bulyun bidap, bidap yuji, bidap yuseo, and socha bidap still remain, allowing us to be able to identify document types of bidap. Bulyun bidap is refusal of king after receiving the request, in the letter form called jeongsa, of one of the three top leaders of the euijeongbu (administration) to the king to allow him to quit the job three times. Bulyun bidap had existed in the Koryeo dynasty, previous one before Joseon dynasty. From the beginning of Joseon, bulyun bidap was adopted, and, finally, set up as an institution during the reign of King Jungjong. In terms of document type and issue procedure, bulyun bidap was similar to gyoseo, official document containing king's instruction. The fact that bulyun bidap was similar to gyoseo seems to have been caused by the king's intention to treat the three top governmental leaders with formality and etiquettes. Bidap yuji was the bidap issued in the form of yuji, document used to deliver royal instructions to government officials stationed in local areas. When a government official who administered a local town sent a sangso, letter to the king, expressing his willingness to leave the job, or the provincial governor sent a sangso asking the king to fire him for the wrong decision he had made in provincial affairs, king would persuade the government official not to quit the job. Bidap yuseo was the one issued in the form of yuseo, letter containing king's orders to government officials or common people. Bidap yuseo was issued during the reign of King Gwanghaegun when Jeong In-hong and Jeong Gu submitted the sangso and the chaja asking the king to allow them to leave their jobs, and when one of the top three officials submitted the similar sangso four times. It was issued to treat the government official honorably. Socha bidap was the letter containing king's answer to sangso or chaja written by a government official expressing his willingness to leave the job. Royal letter to sangso was called sangso bidap, and the one to chaja was called chaja bidap. Unlike the cases of previous dynasties, bidap in Joseon dynasty was issued in various document types. It is related with the fact that, like the cases of royal documents called gyoseo (敎書), gyomyeong (敎命), okchaek (玉冊), and jukchaek (竹冊), etc., bidap was not legalized in the legal codes like the Gyeonggukdaejeon (經國大典) and the Daejeonhwetong (大典會通), etc.