조선후기 臣民의 上達文書에 대한 국왕의 判付 방식

Abstract

Among the documents presented by the people to the king included in the law code and official documents in Joseon dynasty, there were 13 types of them where the king issued his approval, the panbu: gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, gyeokjaeng wonjeong, jeongsa, sangso, chaja, chogi, gyesa, and seogye. The king’s approval on these documents were given largely in two ways: stamping the seal with the letter ‘gye’ on it or giving an answer with a written letter without placing a seal. The former method was known as gyeja panbu, which was mostly used in gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, and gyeokjaeng wonjeong, while the latter was known as bidap panbu, which was mostly used in chaja, chogi, gyesa, and seogye. In case of jeongsa, both methods were in use. Gyeja panbu was an approval method in which the king placed the seal on the blank space at the end of the document. This was again divided into bonggyo panbu, gye panbu, and nakjeom panbu according to what letter was written at the beginning of the king’s judgment. In bonggyo panbu, word ‘bonggyo’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was used in danja and joyul gyemok. In gye panbu, the letter ‘gye’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was used in gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, gyeokjaeng wonjeong, and jeongsa. In nakjeom panbu, word ‘nakjeom’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was mostly used in danja. Bidap panbu was an approval method in which the king’s answer was given in a written letter, bidap, instead of using the stamp. This was divided into byeolji bidap and yeoji bidap depending on where the bidap was written. In byeolji bidap, a written answer to the minister’s document was given in a separate paper, and it was used in such documents as sangso, chaja, and jeongsa. In yeoji bidap, a written answer was given on the blank space at the end of the document, and it was used in such documents as chogi, gyesa, and seogye. In a document where gyeja panbu was a rule, bidap panbu was not allowed in place of gyeja panbu. In case of jeongsa, however, although gyeja panbu was mostly used, those documents with specific requests asking for a sick leave or replacement including sinbyeong jeongsa, chimgu jeongsa, and mogyok jeongsa were given bidap panbu at times. On the other hand, even in a document where bidap panbu was a rule, gyeja panbu was allowed instead of bidap panbu. Forinstance, when a permission was issued to a resignation request asked in sangso and chaja or when these documents were sent down to a relevant government office asking for its opinion-chogi, gyesa, and seogye alike-gyeja panbu was also in use.