진도 씻김굿의 전승과 변화양상에 관한 고찰

Abstract

This study was to examine Jindo Ssitgim-gut, a shamanic ritual and function in Jindo Island, Jeollanam-do, Korea to appease the dead soul's unfulfilled wish and establish peace in, so that the wondering soul can safely reach the heaven, with a focus on its changes from the perspective of cultural changing trend. Jindo, with its specific features as of island, can preserve traditions for a longer period of time than other regions in the land. This island area and the cultural flows in the region, however, have been changed eventually along with the trends of modernization. In old days, Dangol Pan (number of villages or region where a shaman appointed in advance or an hereditary shaman exclusively performs his/her own shamanic rituals and functions) was designated in each town and region and it was grouped like a diocese, and shamanic rituals and functions were practiced as if an exclusive possession of a hereditary shaman. In early days, the shamanic ritual site used to attract many people from villages and nearby towns producing a festival ambience, so then, there, people revived a stage where affairs in human realm could be seen with combined expressions in connection with life and death and merrymaking that suggests sex. The reason of performing Ssitgim-gut is mainly interpreted in the aspect of religion and filial piety. During the process of modernization in Jindo Island along with separationof existing Dangol Pan, problem is that no Gut or shamanic ritual is performed by hereditary shaman anymore. In addition, consciousness of people in the community has been changed, so then they just regard this shamanic ritual and performance as a funeral procedure. Thus the meaning of Ssitgim-gut as formal ceremony and its significance have been much weakened comparing with those that of old days. There have been still performed Guts, however, it is hard to find scenes of, such as sharing or comforting or allaying among people participating in the ritual like old days and the characteristics of Gut and its significance as a village festival have been vanished away. Not like 1980s, number of Dangols, the hereditary shamans, have been almost disappeared and the Dangol shaman who can perform Gut (shamanic ritual) in a traditional way is only Chae Jeong Rye. And, in many occasions, spiritualistic shamans perform shamanic rituals, so that they have replaced hereditary shaman. Such phenomena of diminishing Gut can also be observed from the practices, such as that composition and procedures of Gut have gradually become brief and simple and that people incline to seek fortunetelling through their belief of divination. Ssitgim-gut today has become uniformed, and as a part of preservation policy of cultural properties, it has been designated as cultural asset and heritage. In a cultural aspect, designation of Ssitgim-gut as cultural property is an encouraging measure as a part of endeavors to preserve and protect cultural properties. First of all, this policy concerned with cultural properties has taken on a big role to change recognition of society toward Dangol, the hereditary shamans, including their social position, and a good thing is that it provides supports in order to preserve and protect those cultural assets that have been destructed and disappeared, even though, it takes measures from a different perspective. Such cultural policies have been positioned as a field of tourism policy for autonomous organization geared with local autonomy system. However, having degraded as a performance in local festival or a tourism product, sacredness and religiousness of Gut (shamanic ritual and function) have been gradually faded away. So then, consciousness of people in the community has been displayed in various ways. Some people think that it is important to take certain measures in order to preserve functions and format of traditional Gut, while there are tendency in that Gut has been recognized as a sake of formality for shamanic ritual because those of religious characteristics that lived in the ritual performances in old day have been gone.