공항그룹의 운영 효율성에 관한 연구 - 규모의 경제효과와 규모의 비경제효과 -
Evaluating Operational Efficiency of Airport Group - Number of Airports as a Factor Affecting Economies and Diseconomies of Scale -
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공항의 효율성에 대한 기존 연구는 대부분 공항들의 개별적 효율성을 측정하거나, 그룹공항과 단독공항들의 효율성을 비교하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 그러나 그룹에 속한 공항이라 하더라도 그 수나 규모에 따라 효율성에 차이가 있을 수 있다. 본 연구는 공항그룹에서 운영하는 공항의 수에 따라 공항의효율성이 어떻게 영향을 받는지를 규명하였다. 본 연구는 공항의 효율성을 도출하는 단계와 공항의 수와 효율성의 관계를 규명하는 단계로 구분된다. 먼저 아시아태평양지역과 유럽지역에 속해 있는 총124개 공항의 2015~2017년도 투입 및 산출요소의 패널자료를 바탕으로 자료포락분석(DEA)을 활용하여 공항의 효율성을 도출하였다. 다음으로 공항의 수와 효율성의 관계는 공항그룹에 속해 있는 45개공항을 대상으로 Tobit Regression을 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 공항의 수와 공항의 효율성은 역U자 형태의 관계로 나타났다. 이는 공항의 수가 증가함에 따라 규모의 경제효과에 따라 공항운영의효율성이 증가하지만, 공항의 수가 일정 수준을 넘어서면 규모의 비경제효과가 작동하여 효율성이 오히려 떨어진다는 의미이다. 여기서 규모의 경제는 공항그룹에 의해 운영되는 공항의 수가 증가하면서협상력이 증가하고, 구매, 채용, 훈련 등의 관리비용이 감소하며, 공항그룹 내 공항 간의 지식 전파가빈번해지기 때문에 발생한다. 한편 규모의 비경제는 공항의 수가 증가할수록 조직운영비가 과다해지고, 절차가 복잡해져서 규모의 경제효과를 상쇄하기 때문에 발생한다. 본 연구는 글로벌 공항그룹의 등장으로 공항의 인수운영이 활발해지는 현실에서, 공항그룹 전체의 효율성을 높이기 위해서는 적정한 공항 수를 유지하는 것이 바람직하다는 것을 실증적으로 규명했다는 현실적인 시사점을 지닌다.
Abstract
Majority of previous studies have so far focused either on estimating efficiencies of airports on an individual level or the comparison between standalone airports and group airports. But it should be noted that airport groups can have different level of efficiency of their airports depending on the number and size of them. This paper aims to see how airport efficiency is affected with the variance in airport number of airport groups. A two-stage approach is applied in this paper: In the first stage, performances are measured and, in the second stage, relationship is estimated between the number of group airports and efficiency. First, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is employed to measure airport efficiency based on a panel data of input and output measure of the 124 Asia/Pacific and European airports over the period from 2015 through 2017. And then, Tobit Regression is performed with 45 airports managed by airport groups to estimate the relationship between airport number and efficiency. Our analysis finds an inverted U-shape relationship between the number of airports and their efficiency. It means that, as the number of airports within an airport group rises, so does the scale economies, contributing to enhancing efficiency until certain point, from which diseconomies of scale set in to adversely affect the efficiency of airports. The scale economy arises with the bargaining power enlarged by the airport growth in number, reduction in managerial cost driven by bulk purchase and massive personnel recruitment/training, and frequent knowledge transfer which becomes frequent and easy within an airport group. Meanwhile, diseconomies of scale come about when the benefit of scale economies is offset with the growing managerial cost arising from duplication of management and complexity of procedures. This study, under the circumstances where conflicting interests are observed from local authorities and communities with the emergence of global airport groups actively acquiring ownership and/or concession of airports globally, has practical implication in determining the ideal number of airports to be operated in terms of maximization of airport efficiency.
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