Emerging role of bystander T cell activation in autoimmune diseases
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Autoimmune disease is known to be caused by unregulated selfantigen-specific T cells, causing tissue damage. Although antigenspecificity is an important mechanism of the adaptive immunesystem, antigen non-related T cells have been found in the inflamedtissues in various conditions. Bystander T cell activationrefers to the activation of T cells without antigen recognition. During an immune response to a pathogen, bystander activationof self-reactive T cells via inflammatory mediators such as cytokinescan trigger autoimmune diseases. Other antigen-specificT cells can also be bystander-activated to induce innate immuneresponse resulting in autoimmune disease pathogenesis alongwith self-antigen-specific T cells. In this review, we summarizeprevious studies investigating bystander activation of various Tcell types (NKT, γδ T cells, MAIT cells, conventional CD4+, andCD8+ T cells) and discuss the role of innate-like T cell responsein autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also review previousfindings of bystander T cell function in infection and cancer. Abetter understanding of bystander-activated T cells versus antigenstimulatedT cells provides a novel insight to control autoimmunedisease pathogenesis.
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is known to be caused by unregulated selfantigen-specific T cells, causing tissue damage. Although antigenspecificity is an important mechanism of the adaptive immunesystem, antigen non-related T cells have been found in the inflamedtissues in various conditions. Bystander T cell activationrefers to the activation of T cells without antigen recognition. During an immune response to a pathogen, bystander activationof self-reactive T cells via inflammatory mediators such as cytokinescan trigger autoimmune diseases. Other antigen-specificT cells can also be bystander-activated to induce innate immuneresponse resulting in autoimmune disease pathogenesis alongwith self-antigen-specific T cells. In this review, we summarizeprevious studies investigating bystander activation of various Tcell types (NKT, γδ T cells, MAIT cells, conventional CD4+, andCD8+ T cells) and discuss the role of innate-like T cell responsein autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also review previousfindings of bystander T cell function in infection and cancer. Abetter understanding of bystander-activated T cells versus antigenstimulatedT cells provides a novel insight to control autoimmunedisease pathogenesis.
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