Immune tolerance to foreign antigens in the intestine: mechanisms mediated by CD4＋ T cells
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The immune system encounters a diverse array of antigens,both self and foreign, necessitating mechanisms to maintaintolerance and prevent harmful inflammatory responses. CD4＋T cells, crucial in orchestrating immune responses, play a criticalrole in mediating tolerance to both self and foreign antigens. While the mechanisms of CD4＋ T cell-mediated tolerance toself-antigens are well-documented, the understanding of toleranceto foreign antigens, including those from commensal microbesand food, remains incomplete. This review discusses recentprogress in the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance toforeign antigens, with a focus on the role of CD4＋ T cells. Weexplore how inflammatory and tolerogenic CD4＋ T cell subsetsare developed and maintained. Moreover, we delve intothe complexities of immune responses to commensal microbesand food antigens by reviewing recent findings, highlightingthe immunological contexts that shape immune tolerance. Understanding these mechanisms enhances our comprehensionof how immune tolerance is established and sustained, providinginsights into potential therapeutic approaches for managingchronic inflammatory diseases resulting from a loss of immunetolerance to foreign antigens.
Abstract
The immune system encounters a diverse array of antigens,both self and foreign, necessitating mechanisms to maintaintolerance and prevent harmful inflammatory responses. CD4＋T cells, crucial in orchestrating immune responses, play a criticalrole in mediating tolerance to both self and foreign antigens. While the mechanisms of CD4＋ T cell-mediated tolerance toself-antigens are well-documented, the understanding of toleranceto foreign antigens, including those from commensal microbesand food, remains incomplete. This review discusses recentprogress in the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance toforeign antigens, with a focus on the role of CD4＋ T cells. Weexplore how inflammatory and tolerogenic CD4＋ T cell subsetsare developed and maintained. Moreover, we delve intothe complexities of immune responses to commensal microbesand food antigens by reviewing recent findings, highlightingthe immunological contexts that shape immune tolerance. Understanding these mechanisms enhances our comprehensionof how immune tolerance is established and sustained, providinginsights into potential therapeutic approaches for managingchronic inflammatory diseases resulting from a loss of immunetolerance to foreign antigens.