In vivo exosome imaging: applications of diverse visualization techniques
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Exosomes—nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by variouscell types—play a crucial role in intercellular communicationby delivering biologically active molecules, such as proteins,nucleic acids, and lipids. Due to their intrinsic biocompatibility,targeting capabilities, and stability, exosomes haveemerged as promising vehicles for diagnostics and therapeuticsin a wide range of diseases, including cancer, and neurodegenerative,cardiovascular, and autoimmune disorders. The abilityto monitor exosome biodistribution and dynamics in vivo ispivotal to promoting their clinical translation. This reviewprovides a comprehensive overview of the current visualizationtechniques employed for in vivo exosome imaging: opticalimaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photonemission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emissiontomography (PET), and emerging modalities, such as photoacousticimaging, ultrasound, and Raman-based approaches. The advantages, limitations, and representative applications ofeach imaging modality are critically discussed, with emphasison labeling strategies that enhance tracking sensitivity andspecificity. Optical imaging offers high sensitivity, but is limitedby shallow tissue penetration, whereas MRI provides excellentspatial resolution, but suffers from low molecular sensitivity. Radionuclide-based imaging, such as PET and SPECT, enableshighly sensitive, quantitative tracking, but presents challengesregarding radiotracer stability and safety. Emerging multimodalplatforms and labeling innovations are highlighted for theirpotential to overcome current limitations. Future research directionsinclude the development of non-invasive, highlysensitive, and clinically translatable imaging systems, as wellas standardized protocols to ensure reproducibility. Advancesin exosome imaging technologies will be instrumental tounlock the full diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomebasedplatforms in precision medicine.
Abstract
Exosomes—nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by variouscell types—play a crucial role in intercellular communicationby delivering biologically active molecules, such as proteins,nucleic acids, and lipids. Due to their intrinsic biocompatibility,targeting capabilities, and stability, exosomes haveemerged as promising vehicles for diagnostics and therapeuticsin a wide range of diseases, including cancer, and neurodegenerative,cardiovascular, and autoimmune disorders. The abilityto monitor exosome biodistribution and dynamics in vivo ispivotal to promoting their clinical translation. This reviewprovides a comprehensive overview of the current visualizationtechniques employed for in vivo exosome imaging: opticalimaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photonemission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emissiontomography (PET), and emerging modalities, such as photoacousticimaging, ultrasound, and Raman-based approaches. The advantages, limitations, and representative applications ofeach imaging modality are critically discussed, with emphasison labeling strategies that enhance tracking sensitivity andspecificity. Optical imaging offers high sensitivity, but is limitedby shallow tissue penetration, whereas MRI provides excellentspatial resolution, but suffers from low molecular sensitivity. Radionuclide-based imaging, such as PET and SPECT, enableshighly sensitive, quantitative tracking, but presents challengesregarding radiotracer stability and safety. Emerging multimodalplatforms and labeling innovations are highlighted for theirpotential to overcome current limitations. Future research directionsinclude the development of non-invasive, highlysensitive, and clinically translatable imaging systems, as wellas standardized protocols to ensure reproducibility. Advancesin exosome imaging technologies will be instrumental tounlock the full diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomebasedplatforms in precision medicine.