조선 왕실의 도자(陶磁) 명기(明器)와 부장

Abstract

The Joseon Dynasty's Myeonggi(明器, a small object made for burial in a grave), a product of Confucian ceremonial culture, expanded from the royal family to the nobility and the general populace. The Shinjinsadaebu(新進士大夫), which adopted the 『Zhu Xi’s Family Rites(朱子家禮)』 at the end of the Goryeo period, played a crucial role in helping Lee Seong-gye(1335–1408) establish the foundation of Joseon. To differentiate itself from Goryeo, Joseon proclaimed itself a Confucian state, leading to broader societal changes. The funeral ceremony(喪禮), the last ritual of a lifetime, was an essential practice for performing ancestral rites. The state’s ritual was referred to as Hyungrye(凶禮), while state funerals for kings and queens were classified as Kukjang(國葬). The crown prince and grandson were categorized under Yejang(禮葬). Both Kukjang and Yejang involved, yet previous studies have primarily focused on the models, the changes in these models over time, and their characteristics. In this study, we aim to investigate how Myeonggi is transported to Sanreung(山陵) and its burial locations. Given the vast variety of Myeonggi models, this research will focus specifically on those made of ceramics. The models created from these materials serve as scaled-down representations of actual ceremonial objects, such as vessels and musical instruments. The characteristics of the royal family's Myeonggi include the production and material changes of special models unique to the royal family. Additionally, models made from materials of the early Joseon Dynasty remained unchanged until the late Joseon Dynasty. Myeonggi is transported to the sanreung in the order of Angipan(安器板), followed by Gwe(櫃) and a Cart(腰轝 or 彩輿). The classification criteria for Angipan and cart are based on Gwe, which is categorized according to the characteristics of Myeonggi. Myeonggi, which was subsequently divided and moved to the sanreung, is buried in a space known as Pyeonbang(便房) during the early Joseon Dynasty and Toegwang(退壙) in the late Joseon Dynasty. Pyeonbang was created as an additional facility to address the spatial limitations of stone chamber tombs(石室墓) in the early Joseon Dynasty; it is a small stone chamber designed for burying Myeonggi and also serves to protect it securely. The composition of the royal tomb evolved with the opening of Kukjang during the reign of King Sejo(世祖, 1417-1468). Toegwang is a burial space where burial items are placed after digging a pit for the king's coffin. Records detailing how the burial items were arranged in Toegwang have also been preserved. Among the Myeonggi of the Joseon Dynasty influenced by Chinese examples, it has been confirmed through records and excavations that the royal family’s Myeonggi were produced within a systematic framework, which included classification and movement based on the characteristics of Myeonggi, as well as type and quantity.