漢陽都城 造營에 적용된 󰡔周禮󰡕 ｢考工記｣ 原理 연구

Abstract

This study aims to explore the influence of the city construction principles presented in 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣ on the construction of Hanyangdoseong in the Joseon Dynasty. As is well known, 󰡔Kao Gong Ji󰡕 outlines the ideal design principles for ancient Chinese cities, significantly influencing the establishment of city planning and institutional frameworks not only in China but also in Korea, Japan, and other East Asian regions. Following its founding, Joseon adopted the principles of 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣ in planning the layout of the royal palace, the construction of Jongmyo and Sajik, and the fortification of the outer walls of the capital. This study examines how the principles of 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣ influenced the foundation of the state during the early Joseon period and how these influences were reflected in the spatial composition and urban planning of Hanyangdoseong. King Taejo, the founder of Joseon, selected Hanyang as the new capital due to its auspicious geomantic characteristics and natural fortifications surrounded by mountains and rivers. In 1395, he completed the new capital by placing Gyeongbokgung Palace at the center, with Jongmyo and Sajik to the left and right, and key governmental offices such as the State Council (Uijeongbu), the Three Armies Command, and the Six Ministries positioned in front, along with the city's main roads. Gyeongbokgung was surrounded by Mount Baegaksan to the north, Namsan (Mokmyeoksan) to the south, Naksan (Tarak-san) to the east, and Inwangsan to the west, with streams flowing down both sides, eventually converging at Cheonggyecheon to the south. From selecting the site for Hanyang and Gyeongbokgung to arranging palace buildings and constructing roads, the contemporary ideological and theoretical frameworks were fully incorporated. The following year, in 1396, Hanyangdoseong, the fortress encircling the capital, was constructed. Behind all these developments lay the influence of 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕, which played a significant role in establishing the foundational framework of the newly founded Joseon state. Hanyangdoseong, while differing from the square-shaped city form advocated in ｢Kao Gong Ji｣ by situating Gyeongbokgung under a dominant mountain in the northwest, still adhered to ｢Kao Gong Ji｣’s principles in the spatial arrangement and layout of Gyeongbokgung. The principles of the three gates and three courts were implemented along the north-south central axis. Additionally, following ｢Kao Gong Ji｣’s city construction guidelines, Jongmyo was placed to the east and Sajik to the west of Gyeongbokgung, with key government offices positioned in front of the palace. This arrangement adhered to the fundamental principle of "ancestral temples on the left, altars for the soil and grain on the right (左祖右社)" and the principle of placing government offices in front of the palace (面朝). However, due to the natural topography and the preference for a more environmentally integrated city, the market was positioned in front of the governmental offices rather than behind the palace, deviating from the classical model. Moreover, the outer walls, built by connecting four surrounding mountains, included eight gates—two in each cardinal direction. Though the roads were not strictly grid-like, they were laid out in a structured manner along east-west and north-south axes, organizing the city’s spatial framework. Although Hanyangdoseong’s location, form, and overall structure differed from the ideal city model proposed in China, its palace architecture, ancestral and ritual site placement, walls, gates, roads, and urban organization all show clear adherence to the principles outlined in 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣. In conclusion, Hanyangdoseong represents a reinterpretation of 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣, merging the standard East Asian city construction principles with Korea's unique geographical and cultural characteristics. This study thus offers an understanding of East Asian city planning principles as related to 󰡔Zhou Li󰡕 ｢Kao Gong Ji｣.