경복궁 출토 청기와의 제작시기와 지붕의장 검토

Abstract

The blue-roof tiles excavated from Gyeongbokgung Palace are understood to have been produced between the 15th and 17th centuries and are believed to have adorned the roofs of Geunjeongjeon(근정전) and Sajeongjeon(사정전), the most authoritative structures within the palace. However, because most of the context of excavation in which these tiles were unearthed have been disturbed, debates regarding their production period have persisted. Moreover, questions arise concerning the roof construction methods, structural composition, and the magnificent exterior appearance of buildings that used blue-roof tiles during that time. To solve these issues, this study first analyzed the blue-roof tiles excavated from Gyeongbokgung Palace to infer their production period. Next, employing the concepts of wajup (와즙, tile-laying techniques) and roof design(지붕의장), it sought to reconstruct the roofing and decorative methods used for buildings that incorporated blue-roof tiles within the palace, and to identify their stylistic characteristics. Based on an analysis of attributes such as form and manufacturing technique, the blue-roof tiles can be classified into three types. Type Ⅰa consists of green-glazed tiles(녹유기와) with a bluish-green hue, representing the traditional style of early Joseon roof tiles. Type Ⅰb comprises blue or bluish-green glazed tiles(청유기와), while Type Ⅱ consists of green-glazed tiles(녹유기와) lacking any blue tint. The latter two types are morphologically similar to glazed roof tiles from the Ming(명) and Qing(청) dynasties of China, and the assemblage includes components such as Cheokgeon (척건, roof-ridge tiles), which resemble those used in imperial architectural constructions in China. Conclusionally, it was confirmed that the blue-glazed tiles from Gyeongbokgung exhibit a coexistence of early Joseon stylistic elements (Type Ⅰa) and roof tile styles that were prevalent in Ming–Qing China (Types Ⅰb and Ⅱ). Based on the analytical results, documentary records, and comparative examples, it is determined that the blue-roof tiles excavated from Gyeongbokgung were produced prior to the Imjin War(임진왜란), that is, during the 15th to 16th centuries. Blue-glazed tiles manufactured during the reign of King Gwanghaegun(광해군) in the 17th century are not found among the excavated materials. Type Ⅰa appears to be the earliest style, followed by the emergence and coexistence of Types Ⅰb and Ⅱ. This transformation seems to have been influenced externally by shifts in diplomatic relations between Joseon and Ming China, and internally by institutional reforms concerning architectural models and ceremonial norms, during which Chinese glazing techniques and stylistic conventions were adopted into Joseon tile production. Reconstructing the tile-laying and roof designs of buildings that used blue-glazed tiles suggests the existence of at least two roof design types. The first type, which utilized Type Ⅰa blue-glazed tiles, likely followed the same tile-laying methods as traditional early Joseon palace roofs. The reconstructed roof may have been a green-glazed roof in which some end tiles and ridge ornaments were accentuated with yellow glaze. The second type, which used Types Ⅰb and Ⅱ, differed structurally in that it incorporated Cheokgeon, a new form of ridge construction. In addition, the shapes of the end and ridge tiles contain stylistic elements from Chinese glazed-tile architecture, suggesting that the design may have emulated imperial architectural forms of the Ming and Qing periods. When reconstructed, this roof would likely have featured predominantly blue- or green-glazed tiles, interspersed with yellow-glazed tiles on portions of the roof surface, forming a decorative composition in which yellow accents contrasted with the blue or green base glaze.