글로벌 핵안보 거버넌스의 가능성과 한계 - 제2차 핵안보정상회의에서 한국의 역할을 중심으로-
Possibility and Limitation of Global Nuclear Security Governance : Focusing on the Korea’s Role in the Second Nuclear Security Summit
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핵테러가 발생할 경우 그 피해는 재앙적이고 천문학적일 것으로 예상된다. 그래서 핵테러는 예방이 최선이란 국제적인 공동 인식하에 오바마 대통령의 주도로 핵안보정상회의가 시작되었다. 워싱턴 핵안보정상회의의 성과를 확대하고 그 한계를 시정하기 위해 제2차 핵안보정상회의가 서울에서 개최되었다. 한국은 중견국가로서 글로벌 핵안보거버넌스의 형성과 발전을 위해 창의적인 노력을 기울였고, 핵안보정상회의는 성공적으로 개최되었다. 서울 핵안보정상회의의 성과는 핵안보정상회의 프로세스의 지속, 국제핵안보체제의 강화와 핵안보를 위한 다자적 협력의 촉진, 핵물질과 방사성물질의 최소화와 안전한 전환과 관리, 핵안보와 원자력안전의 상호관계의 강화, 핵물질의 불법거래의 차단과 운송보안 장치의 마련, 핵감식기술의 개발과 정보보안의 필요성 강조, 핵안보문화의 장려 등으로 집약될 수 있다. 서울 핵안보정상회의의 괄목할만한 성과에도 불구하고 장기적인 관점에서 핵안보거버넌스가 강화되기 위해서는 여러 가지 문제점과 과제가 제시되고 있다. 보편적이고 포괄적인 핵안보조약의 필요성, 핵안보감시기구의 설립과 제도화, 핵무기보유국가가 보유한 핵물질을 핵안보체제의 관할로 편입하는 문제, 국가들에게 제공할 인센티브와 제재조치의 제도화, 핵안보정상회의 프로세스의 정례화, 핵안보거버넌스의 발전을 견인할 수 있는 전문가와 원자력 산업체 간의 국내외적 복합적 네트워크 구축 등이 요구되고 있다. 핵무기 없는 세상이란 비전을 실현하기 위해서 핵군축, 핵비확산에 이어서 가장 늦게 출발된 핵안보라는 개념이 현실에 뿌리를 내리고 지속적인 발전을 해나가기 위해서는 핵안보거버넌스의 강화가 필요한데, 제2차 핵안보정상회의의 과정에서 축적된 한국의 글로벌핵안보거버넌스의 전문성과 국내외적 네트워크를 강화시켜 한국이 중심적 역할을 지속할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Given the catastrophic consequences of the nuclear terrorism, world leaders strongly felt the need for a global nuclear security regime to prevent the nuclear terrorism. Thus, the first Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) was held through the US President Obama’s initiative in Washington in April 2010 to discuss how to build and strengthen a nuclear security regime. In the first NSS, a global consensus that nuclear security is urgent and requires concrete actions to improve it was reached among world leaders. Despite plenty of voluntary commitments made by individual countries, the first NSS left a lot of challenging tasks for the second NSS. Therefore, the second NSS convened in Seoul in March 2012 and went a step further to formulate and strengthen a global nuclear security governance in recognition that global security agenda requires a global security governance where all the relevant stakeholders in the nuclear security must partake and communicate one another in order to prevent the nuclear terrorism because nuclear terrorists are non-state actors. The Seoul NSS achieved a historic success in such issue areas as the continuing of the nuclear security summit process, the strengthening of a global nuclear security architecture, the reaffirmation of the IAEA’s role, the promotion of the international cooperation to advance the nuclear security, the minimization of nuclear materials including securing radioactive materials, the strengthening of the interface between nuclear security and nuclear safety, transportation security, combating illicit trafficking, nuclear forensics, nuclear security culture, informations security, etc. All these wonderful achievements could have been made by South Korea which exercised its unique international status as a middle power so skillfully as to promote an international and multilateral cooperation. Nonetheless, there remain many challenging tasks in order to build a robust global nuclear security governance: creating a universal nuclear security framework agreement or treaty like the nuclear nonproliferation treaty; establishing a global supervisory institution to oversee the performance of countries and stakeholders involved in the nuclear security; building international experts’ network for global nuclear security governance, and; addressing the triple interface between nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and nuclear security.
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