청대 고증학의 개조 황종희 - 科擧之學 비판과 經學 제창을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Late Ming and early Qing was a period when there happened great transition in intellectual history of China. Through the period, Song Ming lixue(宋明理學, the learning of principle) had continued to decline while evidential research(考證學) in Qing dynasty began to appear. Why did such intellectual transition, that is, transition from Song Learning(宋學) to Han Learning(漢學) in traditional expression, take place? The most persuasive opinion among discussions in Qing dynasty on this question is that Han Learning(漢學) began to appear from reflection on learning for the civil service examination. This study started from discussion about revival of evidential research in Qing dynasty, and then, investigated on in what form criticism of learning for the civil service examination and movement of advocacy of classical studies appeared. Specifically, this study focused on Huang Zongxi(黃宗羲), originator of evidential research(考證學) in Qing dynasty. For this, commentaries on the Four Books(四書講章) which is a reference book for examination was evaluated; position of classical studies of learning for the civil service examination was assessed; and teaching activities, especially The Classics Discussion Society(講經會) were reviewed. Through this, Huang Zongxi criticized that commentaries on the Four Books became popular because of learning for the civil service examination and attitude to follow ‘words of one teacher(一先生之語)’ was widely spread, as a result, classical studies declined. He asserted that classical studies should be foundation of all academic studies from the reflection on Wenshe(文社, literary society) in late Ming and academic trend in early Qing. Furthermore, he figured out that he implemented this in teaching activities. This study showed that such criticism of learning for the civil service examination and advocacy of classical studies by Huang Zongxi played a role of a pioneer in revival of Evidential research in Qing dynasty.