Salinity Gradient Energy: Current Membrane Development and Challenges for Reverse Electrodialysis System
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Salinity gradient power generation has huge potential to generate clean energy from mixing water streams of differentsalinities. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based energy conversion technique that drives such energysources to electricity. In RED, the transport of ions in selective ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is employed for power generation. Asa key component in RED power generation, the development and optimization of IEM are crucial for sustainable energy conversionfrom salinity gradients. Recently, the demand for high quality membranes that are designed uniquely for superb power performance isincreasing. This review evaluated commercially available IEMs, currently available state-of-the-art RED membranes, and their keyphysical and electrochemical properties (e.g., resistance, permselectivity, and swelling). The crucial role of the membrane propertiesin salinity gradient power generation and their interconnected relationship are discussed through the RED system. This reviewhighlights the importance of IEM development for effective energy harvesting from salinity gradients and provides a betterunderstanding of the dominant factors in RED that directly determine the power performance. The use of proper membranes willexpedite the wide-spread application of RED as the next promising renewable energy technology.
Abstract
Salinity gradient power generation has huge potential to generate clean energy from mixing water streams of differentsalinities. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based energy conversion technique that drives such energysources to electricity. In RED, the transport of ions in selective ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is employed for power generation. Asa key component in RED power generation, the development and optimization of IEM are crucial for sustainable energy conversionfrom salinity gradients. Recently, the demand for high quality membranes that are designed uniquely for superb power performance isincreasing. This review evaluated commercially available IEMs, currently available state-of-the-art RED membranes, and their keyphysical and electrochemical properties (e.g., resistance, permselectivity, and swelling). The crucial role of the membrane propertiesin salinity gradient power generation and their interconnected relationship are discussed through the RED system. This reviewhighlights the importance of IEM development for effective energy harvesting from salinity gradients and provides a betterunderstanding of the dominant factors in RED that directly determine the power performance. The use of proper membranes willexpedite the wide-spread application of RED as the next promising renewable energy technology.
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