봉암사 지증대사 적조탑의 음악사적 조명

Abstract

Pongamsa is a Buddhist temple located at Wŏnbung Village of Kaŭn Town, Mun'gyŏng County, North Kyŏngsang Province. It was erected in 881. Inside the temple are found the stone pagoda called pudo 浮屠 and the monument dedicated to the great Buddhist priest, Chijŭng Tohŏn 智證 道憲(824-882), who attained Buddhahood in the Unified Silla era. The pudo, in particular, has drawn the attention of the music academy on account of its chuaksang 奏樂像, images of performing music, which provide precious information on the music history of the Unified Silla era. However, part of the rubbed copy of the pudo is misinterpreted and the other chuaksangs are not introduced at all. In addition, in spite of the fact that the pudo and the monument were built in different periods, they have been believed to be constructed in the same period. The purpose of this study is to complement and correct the mistakes of former studies. As a result of three expeditions to the site of pudo from the year 2000 to 2002 in an effort to understand the images and to deduce the right period of the construction of the pudo, the following is revealed; First, the pudo is assumed to have been built between December 18th, 882 when the great priest passed away and 883, when his funeral ceremony was carried out. Second, It has been generally believed among musicologists that the chuaksangs are engraved in the body of the pudo. But it is actually located in the middle part of pagoda called chungdaesŏk 中臺石, below the body of the pudo. Besides, it’s confirmed that there are other chuaksangs, the images of Karŭungbin'ga 迦陵頻伽, in the support of the chungdaesŏk. Third, the chuaksangs on the five sides of the chungdaesŏk are pich'ŏnsangs 飛天像, images of a flying fairy. There are five instruments, chŏk 笛 (bamboo flute), saeng 笙(mouth organ), p'iri 觱篥 (cylindrical oboe), pip'a 琵琶 (short lute) and pakp'an 拍板 (clapper). The facing images of offering to Buddha (kongyang 供養), a person who offers food to Buddha, in the chungdaesŏk have been mistaken for tongbal 銅鈸 (bronze cymbal) chuaksang, an image of a performer who plays a bronze cymbal. Fourth, Karŭungbin'ga chuaksangs are engraved on the eight sides of the support of the chungdaesŏk, on the four of which appear musical instruments, such as hoengjŏk (transverse flute), tongbal, p'iri, pakp'an, on the two of which dancing Karŭungbin'gas and the last two of which singing Karŭungbin'gas with its hands clasped. The pudo is invaluable for the study of the history of the Unified Silla’s music, of the Buddhist music and of the ancient dancing on account of the performing music Karŭungbin'gas as well as performing music pich'ŏnsangs on the chungdaesŏk and the support of it.