경주 鍪藏寺址 史蹟과 삼층석탑에 대한 再考

Abstract

This paper conducted a historical material review of Mujangsa (a Buddhist temple) and considered comprehensively the formative characteristics of a three-storied stone pagoda. Mujangsaji is a Buddhist temple site from the united Sila period and is located in the deep valley of Amgok-dong, Gyeongju. It is one of the ancient Buddhist temple remains for which the location of the actual temple site matches the one described in a literary document. In the 3 tower type No. 4 Mujangsamatijeonjo of “Samgunkyusa” it is revealed that the background of the founding was that Mujangsa was created for the condolence of an uncle by Hyo Yang, father of King Wonseong. Then, it was recorded that Queen Gyehwa, who was a wife of great King Soseong, created Mitajeon, Amitabulsang, and Sinjangsang for him after his death. Currently at Mujangsaji, only guibu, isu, and a three-storied stone pagoda remain, while three pieces of Amitabul Josangbi that were discovered during the Joseon period and the period under Japanese colonial rule are kept at the National Museum of Korea. Up to now, it has been considered that the Gyeongju Mujangsaji three-storied stone pagoda is a stone pagoda created during the united Sila period, which was about the early 9th century, and it has been known to feature the ansang(眼象) engraved at the upper stylobate. Since the Mujangsaji stone pagoda is the earliest case in which an ansang has been found engraved on existing pagodas, an ansang expressed on a stone pagoda may be a characteristic feature of the 9th century. As a result of analyzing the literary documents, Mujangsa was evaluated to be established during the time of King Hyegong in the later 8th century (765~780); thus, there is sufficient possibility that the stone pagoda was created during this period. Actually in the records of the “Samgukyusa” and Josangbipyeon, during work on the Buddhist objects and events of Mitajeon, it was recorded that a stone pagoda already existed. Then, in the “Haedongyeoksa” it is described that Josangbi was established in 800. Accordingly, it was confirmed that the establishment of a stone pagoda was not in the early 9th century, which has been the current view in academic circles. This was also found from the technique of the structure and ansang of a stone pagoda. The structure of the upper and lower stylobate of the Mujangsaji stone pagoda does not appear in the Gyeongju region after the later 8th century. Also, it is possible to infer the pathway of the distribution of stone pagodas with the same structure. The characteristics in the pattern of the ansang were confirmed to have the closest relationship with the ansang engraved on the sangseok(床石, large rectangular stone) on the tomb of King Seongdeok among various ansangs prevalent in diverse artworks of the times. Also, the ansang of the Mujangsai stone pagoda was confirmed to express sanggak(床脚, chair legs) through the function of sangseok and the shape of the ansang. Furthermore, the ansang of the Mujangsaji stone pagoda was estimated to be an early expression of a shape that identifies the stylobate part, which appeared later with the pedestal of Buddhist statues. Besides, regarding the origin of the name of the temple, Mujangsa, which is recorded in the episodes with King Taejong during the early three-kingdom unification period, through a literature analysis it was determined to have been reported falsely over time. Also, the role and the period of the closing of Mujangsa during the Joseon period was estimated to be between 1817~1914. In addition, based on the relevant record, isu, guibu, one piece of bipyeon discovered during the period under Japanese colonial rule, and the site where the latest head of guibu was discovered, the paper proposed that the currently estimated location of Mitajeon is not the upper part of the temple site, but it is the southern mountain ridge over the valley.