조선후기 전라도 교방의 현황과 특징

Abstract

Kyobang 敎坊 (office of female entertainer) was the very place where it took the leadership in art-culture of the royal court and local government offices in the later Chosŏn Dynasty. Especially, it has been essential to study the provincial cultures of those days. Until now it is true that the deep and real study has not been made due to an inert excavation of ancient materials and limits of local study unlike central area in tradition-culture academic world. Accordingly the main aim of this report is to introduce various kinds of the unknown government offices to Korea-Music world through the Chŏlla kyobang 全羅敎坊 of the late Chosŏn Dynasty. Moreover I want to put an emphasis on finding out depth and width of Chŏlla culture through the sizes of kyobang and numbers of kisaeng 妓生 (female entertainers) increased in those days. That is the reason why I have a mind to study harder like this. First, there were totally twenty-five kyobangs all over the country in those days; six in Hamgyŏng province 咸鏡道, ten in P'yŏngan province 平安道, one in Kangwŏn province 江原道, three in Ch'ungch'ŏng province 忠淸道, six in Chŏlla province 全羅道, and five in Kyŏngsang province 慶尙道 which were figured based on Kwanch'an ŭji 官撰邑誌 (Records of Towns by Government), official regional record in Chosŏn. However, there was no places in Hwanghae and Kyŏnggi provinces. There were totally thirty-one in nationwide (in eight provinces) in the later Chosŏn Dynasty. Provinces where had been built and managed many kyobang were P'yŏngan, Hwanghae, Chŏlla, Kyŏngsang provinces. Perhaps that's chiefly because the places were located in a gateway to receive, entertain and serve an Chinese and Japanese envoy in sincere hospitality. Second, the names of the kyobang existed in governmental offices were varied. For example, Paekhwawŏn 百花院 at Hamhŭng-pu 咸興府 and Ŏhwawŏn 語花院 at Kapsan-pu 甲山府 in Hamgyŏng province, Kyobangch'ŏng 敎坊廳 at Unsan-gun 운산군 in P'yŏngan province, Kisaengch'ŏng or Kyobang in P'yŏngyangbu 平壤府 etc. Also, there had been recorded differently Kyobangch'ŏng according to the region: Kisaeng in Ch'ungchŏng, Kyobangch'ŏng in Chŏlla, changch'unwŏn 臧春院 in Cheju 濟州, and Musical center in Kyŏngju 慶州, and Kwannobang 官奴房 in Ch'angwŏn 昌原. Third, they were largely different in sizes because the local system in the late Chosŏn Dynasty was administered as a unit of pu 府, mok 牧, kun 郡, and hyŏn 縣. For example, Kyobang in Sŏngch'ŏn-pu 成川府 composed of fifteen partitions was the largest, ten partitions in Ch'angsŏng-pu 昌城府, eight partitions in P'yŏngyang-pu, five partitions in Ŏwhawŏn in Kapsan-pu, five partitions in Kisaengch'ŏng 妓生廳 in P'yŏngyang-pu, five partitions in Kisaengbang 妓生房 in Kongju kamyŏng 公州監營 (provincial office at Kongju), three partitions in Sunch'ŏn 順天. Fourth, there were, of course, so different in numbers of kisaengs according to the position of kamyŏng : one hundred and eighty members in P'yŏngan kamyŏng 平安監營, forty-four in Hamgyŏng kamyŏng 咸鏡監營, twenty in Kangwŏn kamyŏng 江原監營, thirty-four in Chŏlla kamyŏng 全羅監營, sixty-six in Kyŏngsang kamyŏng 慶尙監營. There were ten kisaengs at Haeju-pu 海州府 in Hwanghae kamyŏng, while fifteen kisaengs were in Hwangju-mok 黃州牧. Because Hwangju was on the passing point which many Chinese envoys were entertained by kisaengs. Fifth, we can see the size of the Changakch'ŏng 掌樂廳 where contained musical instruments and things of the times found in Muju-pu 茂朱府, the largest kyobang in Chŏlla kamyŏng indicated in ancient materials. Particularly, we can guess the entertainment exchange between the Royal Court and the local by means of many proofs shown in Muju-pu which had P'ogurak 抛毬樂 (Ball Throwing Dance), Sŏnyurak 船遊樂 (Joyful Boat Dance), Kŏmmu 劍舞 (Sword Dance), Sŭngmu 僧舞 (Buddhist Dance) along with accompaniment. Sixth, from the late Chosŏn period through the dark occupation of Japan's force kyobang was succeeded to, what is called, a assembly of kisaeng 妓生組合 or kwŏnbŏn 券番. The typical kwŏnbŏn were Chŏnju 全州, Kwangju 光州, Sunch'ŏn 順天. But there were no traces of kwŏnbŏn in Muju 茂朱, Sunch'ang 淳昌, and Cheju 濟州. Because the numbers of kisaeng were changed according to the taste (liking) of a governor, we can guess that though kwŏnbŏn should be also accompanied by music and dance, kwŏnbŏn of Sunch'ang, Muju, and Cheju were declined due to local economy and network of transportation.