조선왕실의 비파류 악기 문화 연구

Abstract

This study sheds light on the hyang pip'a 鄕琵琶 (lit. native Korean lute, i.e. five-stringed lute), tang pip'a 唐琵琶 (lute of Chinese origin, four-stringed lute), and wŏlgŭm 月琴 (moon lute), which are court musical instruments for the royal family used during the Chosŏn period, by investigating such old sources as the Chosŏn wangjo sillok 『朝鮮王朝實錄』 (Annals of the Chosŏn Dynasty), Oryesŏ 五禮書 (Books of Five Rites), Aksŏ 樂書 (Treatise on music), ŭigwe 儀軌 (official record of court events), koakpo 古樂譜 (historical music scores), munjip 文集 (collected writings) and others from both diachronic and synchronic standpoint. The pip'a 琵琶 (short lute) is a kind of lute where players pluck or twang the strings by using their fingers or instrumental tools. It appears to have come from the countries bordering the western regions of Asia, and has been used since the Three Kingdoms period in Korea. The pip'a had been widely and vigorously used in both the royal court and civilian community since being introduced to Korea, as has been confirmed by various literatures. However, the transmission of Korean lutes has become gradually discontinued since the Japanese occupation of Korea. Research on the pip'a is relatively rare compared to other Korean instruments, even though restoration works through multiple studies about the historical facts, techniques, accordatura, scores, shape, and the materials of it have been attempted. Particularly, there are currently no methodically reasoned reports about the history of its rise to its discontinuity. Therefore, in this study the value of the pip'a in Korean history is reviewed, observing the types of Korean lutes used in the royal court, especially in the Chosŏn Dynasty. All types of the Chosŏn royal courts were held in accordance with one of the Five Rites — Killye 吉禮 (Auspicious Rites), Karye 嘉禮 (Congrtula- tory Rites), Pillye 賓禮 (Guest Rites), Kullye 軍禮 (Military Rites), and Hyungrye 凶禮 (Ominous Rites). The different types of the pip'a are present in the national Five Rites and musical books of the early Chosŏn period. Korean lutes performance consists of Killye, Karye, Pillye, and Kullye, though there are differences among the types of instruments by periods or rituals. In the case of an Hyungrye, they were set out but not performed, and they were used as musical instruments for Burial. In this work, Korean Lutes in the late Chosŏn period are dealt with Five Rites in the reign of King Chŏngjo 正祖 (1776-1800), on the basis of Ch'un‘gwan t'onggo 『春官通考』 (Comprehensive Study of the Rites Officials), and of many other ŭigwe 儀軌 (official record of court events). This consideration helps in researching the usage of Korean lutes as the national rites along with the actual rituals. Furthermore, the detailed record of the quantity, materials, and dimensions of instruments for special purposes in ŭigwe sheds light on even the production of the pip'a. In addition to this, ancient scores with pip'a music and the pip'a players’ activity pattern through ŭigwe and other anthologies are also treated in this report. This approach guides us to not only focus on the performance and music itself, but also consider the comprehensive meaning of the pip'a in the player’s life and its influence in their social class.