한국 천주교 장례예식서를 통해 본 장례문화와 연도(煉禱)의 노래문화

Abstract

In the Korean Catholic Church, prayer for the deceased is called prayer for repose and, by ordinary believers, Yŏndo 煉禱. Yŏndo is recited when, in accordance with Catholic funeral rules, attending at a death bed, dressing a corpse for burial, placing a body in a coffin, moving a coffin to the burial ground, placing a coffin into the burial ground, making a sacrificial rite at the conclusion of burial and changing the burial site. Especially, it is performed throughout night during condolence at a mortuary. Yŏndo includes prayers like the Psalm, Litaniae sanctorum, Adoration and Supplication. In this nation, those prayers have been orally transmitted with traditional rhythms added. The orally transmitted Yŏndo has been playing a role as a religious music for funeral ceremony from the first introduction of Roman Catholicism to the present. Regarding existing codes of Catholic funeral ceremony, Ch'ŏju sŏnggyo konggwa 天主聖敎功課, published in 1864, provides that Yŏndo is a part of event prayer, Mangwa 晩課. and that Yŏndo is performed throughout the days of funeral ceremony. But how Yŏndo is performed and sung is not found in the publication. As the first of the codes, Ch'ŏju sŏnggyo konggwa, published in 1865, provides detailed descriptions of how Yŏndo should be sung for mourning, placing a body in a coffin, taking a coffin out of the house, moving a coffin to the burial ground, tomyo 都墓 and lowering a coffin into the grave. Yŏndo is sung in a way that two pieces of Catholic prayers, ○ (kye 啓) and ● (ŭng 應) are first slowly recited by two persons called Yŏnggyŏngja 詠經者 in a solemn voice and then by two groups of ordinary believers who in turn chant psalms to help Sŏngyŏng 聖詠 50, Yŏnok tomun 煉獄禱文 and Chanmikyŏng 讚美經. After the national independence, the foresaid publication was republished by a pastor of Seoul, Novaoro in 1947 under the title of the 5th edition of Sŏnggyo yegyu 聖敎禮規 and , in 1964, by Catholic Publishing Company under the title of Sŏnggyo yegyu after inspected by archbishops like Kim Su-hwan 金壽煥, Yi Mun-gŭn 李文槿 and No Ki-nam 盧基南. Both of the republications divided the non-spaced words of the Psalm into one to seven syllables and modified them in modern expression. In Sŏnggyo yegyu, published in 1992, a collection of the orally transmitted pieces of Yeondo are contained in form of musical score. Sangjang yesik 喪葬禮式, released in 2003, contains the modified and supplemented scores of Yŏndo and describes funeral processes such cremating, holding a sacrificial rite at the conclusion of burial and changing the burial site all of which reflect changes in Korean traditional ways of funeral, for example, the replacement of burying by laying the deceased's ashes to rest. For the processes, new pieces of Yŏndo were conventional rhythms of Yŏndo. Then they were standardized with melodies of religious music into divine musical pieces. For other funeral processes, another new pieces of Yŏndo, titled 'placing a body in a coffin', 'at a grave yard' and 'lowering a coffin into the grave were made based on the rhythms of folk songs of the southern part of this country and those of Yŏtmori 엇모리 and Ch'iljae 七撲 In accordance with these rhythms, the words of the newly created pieces are divided into one to seven syllables on a regular interval basis. As a part of Yŏndo, litaniae sanctorum is a melody that was collected by fellow believers of a chapel at Kalgong-ni 葛谷里 in 1978. The melody is performed in such way calling the names of saints when people sincerely pray for the soul of the decised while beating a funeral bier.